Search results - CEJSH

1

Foreign direct investment and international trade across the former Soviet economies: What do we know after 30 years of research?

100%

Gurshev O.

Journal of Economics and Management

|

2023

|

vol. 45

290-318

EN

Aim/purpose - This paper surveys three decades of empirical literature on foreign direct investment (FDI) and international trade across the former Soviet economic space. In this survey, we outline the current state of research, discuss data limitations, and identify topics for further studies. Design/methodology/approach - The methodology used in this study is a systematic literature review. Multiple databases were searched, including Google Scholar, IDEAS (RePEc), JSTOR, Web of Science, and others. In total, 59 papers published between 1990 and 2023 were analyzed. Findings - Our findings are severalfold. First, we highlight severe data collection problems related to foreign equity and trade outside the Baltics, Ukraine, Russia, and some Central Asian Republics (CARs). As a result, we point out the limited availability of studies that use contemporary data and cover important economic events, such as the European accession of the Baltics, the formation of new preferential trade agreements, and economic re-integration centered around Russia, and Ukraine's political stability. Research implications/limitations - This study should assist researchers in identifying prospective research directions in postcommunist economic research. The main limitations of this survey are i) the total number of papers surveyed (59), ii) the focus on empirical studies, and iii) the specific geographical area considered. Originality/value/contribution - Despite the critical role of FDI and trade in transitional economies, plenty of relevant topics have remained undiscovered (e.g., the relationship between outward FDI and profit shifting). To the best of our knowledge, no systematic survey has been done on these two areas of research.

2

Ochrona Unii i jej państw członkowskich przed stosowaniem wymuszenia ekonomicznego przez państwa trzecie – projekt rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady

100%

Jaśkowski M.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

|

2022

|

issue 2(74)

133-142

EN

The document aims at establishing a mechanism enabling the Union to respond when a third country, by measures affecting trade or investment, interferes with the legitimate choices of the Union or of its Member States to adopt or refrain from adopting a particular act. Given the exclusive nature of the EU’s competences in the area of the Common Commercial Policy, as well as the EU’s economic potential and the resulting potentially greater effectiveness of response measures at the EU level, the proposal deserves to be supported by the representative of the Republic of Poland on the EU forum.

3

Ethical aspects of the world trading system on the example of Fair Trade

80%

Zajaczkowski M.

Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

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2018

|

vol. 21

|

issue 7

45-58

EN

The effect of globalization is not only an improvement of living conditions in developing countries, but also a widening of development disparities and economic inequalities between countries of the rich North and the poor South. The Fair Trade can be considered as a response to emerging problems of development. Therefore, it can be perceived as a form of assistance directed to the marginalized producers in the Global South by enabling them to manufacture, sell and distribute goods to markets in developed countries. This is an alternative to the existing formula of international trade; whose aim is to help producers in the South by integrating them into the current trading system under certain conditions. The idea is to create a new business relationship between producer and consumer, where the production and consumption are bound together in a new supply chain and where the economic benefits are distributed more fairly. It means that the prices of Fair Trade products are set at a level that would ensure a steady income to the producer and would lead to raising their living standards and prosperity. The ethical aspects of the Fair Trade system are clear. The problem is whether the Fair Trade standards can be used on a wider scale in the global economy, whereas there is an evident clash of certain ethical values with market economy rules based on maximizing profits and increasing efficiency.

4

Nowe relacje cen w handlu międzynarodowym a kierunki rozwoju eksportu krajów Afryki

80%

Dudziński J., Narękiewicz J.

International Business and Global Economy

|

2014

|

vol. Volume 33

700–711

EN

The 21st century has witnessed new price relations in international trade, which are expressed by amuch more dynamic growth in prices of primary commodities than manufactured goods. It is related, among others, to the increasing role of China in the world’s economy. On the one hand, this country has been dramatically increasing its demand for primary commodities, while on the other hand – it has been dynamically raising its supply of manufactured goods, thus contributing to world-wide relative decreases in price levels. The new price relations also affect the international trade of African countries, accelerating the export of countries rich in resources and food, and increasing the role of these commodities in the total export of the entire continent. As a consequence, China becomes an ever more relevant player in Africa’s export and economy. The aforementioned processes are accompanied, however, by a phenomenon known in the literature as „deindustrialisation of developing economies” reflected in the increasing share of primary commodities in total export. An indirect effect of these tendencies is a more dynamic growth in export and GDP in countries having strong economic relations with China and a less dynamic economic growth of countries related economically and institutionally with more developed countries (particularly the European Union).

5

Empirical linkages between some economic factors and foreign direct investment in BRICS countries

80%

Gurshev O.

Zeszyty Studenckie Wydziału Ekonomicznego „Nasze Studia”

|

2019

|

issue 9

122-135

EN

In 2003 Goldman Sachs published a report written by Wilson and Purushothaman entitled Global Economics Paper No. 99: Dreaming With BRICs: The Path to 2050, which central idea is that over the next 50 years, Brazil, Russia, India and China could become a much larger force in the world economy, even larger than the current G7 economies in US dollar terms. In 2017 BRICS joint contribution to the world economy was 23.6 per cent and according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) predictions this is set to rise to 26.8 per cent by 2022. Based on the used estimation, the biggest contributor to the FDI inflows is an index of economic openness, where decreasing barriers for trade and investment increase country’s exposure to the global economy, which in return has a significant effect in attracting FDI to the economy. Secondly, in majority of cases change in both import and export values tend to negatively affect FDI inflows, such phenomenon does not necessarily mean that country must not engage and liberalize its trade policy, but that the impact of those factors is inconsistent and has to be researched further. Thirdly, GDP contribution confirms the gravity model hypothesis as larger economies tend to attract larger volumes of FDI inflows, however in case of China this effect seems to be slightly reversed. Lastly, the effect of trade balance on FDI inflows remains complex to capture, however a dummy variable method applied in this paper can be applied to countries that have both positive and negative trade balance dynamic.

PL

W 2003 roku Goldman Sachs opublikował raport napisany przez Wilsona i Purushothamana zatytułowany "Global Economics Paper No. 99: Dreaming With BRICs: The Path to 2050, którego główną ideą jest to, że w ciągu następnych 50 lat Brazylia, Rosja, Indie i Chiny mogą stać się znacznie większa siła w światowej gospodarce, nawet większa niż obecne gospodarki G7 w ujęciu dolarowym. W 2017 r. Wspólny wkład BRICS w gospodarkę światową wyniósł 23,6%, a według prognoz Międzynarodowego Funduszu Walutowego (MFW) do 2022 r. Ma wzrosnąć do 26,8%. Na podstawie wykorzystanych szacunków największy udział w napływie BIZ stanowi wskaźnik otwartości gospodarczej, gdzie malejące bariery w handlu i inwestycjach zwiększają ekspozycję kraju na globalną gospodarkę, co z kolei ma znaczący wpływ na przyciąganie bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych do gospodarki. Po drugie, w większości przypadków zmiana zarówno wartości importu, jak i eksportu wpływa negatywnie na napływ BIZ, zjawisko to niekoniecznie oznacza, że kraj nie może angażować się i liberalizować swojej polityki handlowej, ale że wpływ tych czynników jest niespójny i musi być zbadałem dalej. Po trzecie, wkład PKB potwierdza hipotezę modelu grawitacji, ponieważ większe gospodarki mają tendencję do przyciągania większych wolumenów napływów BIZ, jednak w przypadku Chin efekt ten wydaje się być nieco odwrotny. Wreszcie, wpływ salda handlowego na napływ BIZ jest nadal trudny do uchwycenia, jednak zastosowana w niniejszym dokumencie metoda zmiennej fikcyjnej może być stosowana do krajów, które mają zarówno dodatnią, jak i ujemną dynamikę bilansu handlowego.

6

Does Monetary Integration Have an Effect EU’s Trade Change During Economic Crises?

80%

Śledziewska K., Witkowski B.

Ekonomia. Rynek, Gospodarka, Społeczeństwo

|

2012

|

issue 30

45-58

EN

This paper contributes to the discussion about economic effects of monetary integration and the problem of model stability during economic crisis. The fundamental goal of this research is twofold: firstly, to investigate the effect of different stages of economic integration on export to EU and non-EU countries, from becoming a member of the European Union (EU) to the Eurozone (EZ). Secondly, to check whether the functional form of the model can be considered stable over time as in the meantime the world entered the crisis phase. For an empirical test a data set covering the period from 1994 to 2010 has been used. The standard factors of gravity models, such as the size of the markets of trade partners, GDP per capita of trade partners etc. have been tested in the log-linear specification of the gravity model. In order to control the effect of monetary integration, several dummy variables indicating the process of monetary integration were added. Positive effects of growing GDP and GDP per capita, as usual, are expected. What is also assumed is that participation in amonetary union does not enhance exports to the EU and Eurozone countries. To test for this hypothesis, and to exercise control over additional factors, a model based on panel data with the use of Hausman-Taylor method was estimated. Surprisingly, it was found out that even though the impact of joining the EU and ERM on export has been positive, joining the Eurozone has given the opposite result. It will also be demonstrated that some of the parameters could be considered stable in the long run, but this is not relevant to all of them. Keywords: international trade, monetary integration, gravity model.

7

Japonia i Unia Europejska w obliczu nowej fali liberalizacji handlu światowego

80%

Stępień S.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

|

2014

|

issue 2(28)

225-242

EN

The European Union and Japan have clearly been the heavyweights of international trade for decades. They are the first and the fourth largest economies in the world, respectively. Together they account for nearly one third of the global GDP and almost a quarter of all international trade. And yet their bilateral trade has been underperforming in recent years. Trade in goods actually declined since 2000 – both in relative and absolute terms – and trade in services, as well as foreign direct investment, clearly do not reflect the clout of these two advanced economies. However, since 2010 there have been serious attempts from the Japanese government and the European Commission at finding a way to revive and foster the EU‑Japan bilateral trade and economic relationship. In March 2013 they decided to launch negotiations in order to establish a comprehensive free trade area, or FTA. This article describes developments leading up to that point and presents an analysis of problems affecting the EU‑Japan trade. It does so in the context of a recent surge of international activity as regards trade liberalization through FTA negotiations following the effective failure of global trade talks in the World Trade Organization forum.

8

Koszty transportu a rozwój handlu i produkcji międzynarodowej

80%

Białowąs T.

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia

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2014

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vol. 48

|

issue 1

EN

This paper analyses the impact of transport costs on development of international fragmentation of production and trade. Transport costs are important determinants of eXport processing trade, which is a typical part of regional production network. When trade costs of intermediate inputs fall, different stages of the production process can take place in different places.

PL

Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polskim

9

Nationality of Poland's Exports

80%

Czarny E., Śledziewska K.

Warsaw Forum of Economic Sociology

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2017

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vol. 8

|

issue 16

87-108

EN

ln this paper, we analyse the materiał structure of Polands exports of goods to the European Union and to the United States. In a general presentation of Polish exports, we aggregate all other trade partners than the EU and the U.S. to the 'Rest of the World' (RoW). We use descriptive statistics to check whatgoods are subject to export from Poland. We analyse data on various levels of aggregation. We prove that Polish exports aggregated to the CN sections and HS2 product groups to both destinations seem to be of higher technological advancement than export disaggregated to the HS6 product classification. On the higher level of aggregation, the material structure of Polands exports to the EU and the U.S. look more similar than those analysed on the more disaggregated level. We look at the material structures of exports to both partners from the point of view of the producers as well. We study Poland's exports of goods to the EU and the U.S. based on the HS6 classification and analyse the leading producers of the most important goods in sales to both partners. We show that most of them are affiliates of the foreign companies.

10

Rola Japonii w regionie Azji i Pacyfiku – handel zagraniczny oraz bezpośrednie inwestycje zagraniczne

80%

Jankowiak A. H.

Ekonomia XXI Wieku

|

2016

|

issue 1 (9)

53-64

EN

Japan as one of highly developed countries of the world, for many years, plays a significant role in the Asia-Pacific region. Countries of the region are the target market for Japanese products and Japanese capital. Through the foreign trade and foreign direct investment, Japan affects the shape of the relationship in the region and the process of Asian regionalism. Constantly around 50% of Japanese exports go to Asian countries and a similar percentage of Japanese imports come from the examined region. Japan is also a major exporter of capital in the form of foreign investment to countries in the region, which makes up a considerable part of it. Trade and foreign investment are the only part of the indicators of the role of Japan in the Asia-Pacific regionalism, but these are factors clearly indicating the strong commitment of Japan in the region. The aim of the article is to present the role played by Japan in the Asian regionalism, by showing the Japanese foreign trade and inflows and outflows of foreign direct investment.

11

Od handlu między państwami do handlu na poziomie przedsiębiorstw

80%

Serwach T.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

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2011

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vol. 246

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issue 3

47-65

EN

The article focuses on the latest trends in the theory of international trade, which, according to the author, are relatively little known in Poland. Serwach sets out to show that the theoretical analysis of trade has evolved over the years toward purely microeconomic considerations. Referring to specific research reports, the paper describes the main directions of theoretical research today: a new theory of trade that takes into account the diversification of companies, a theory of trade conducted by multiproduct companies, and the so-called incomplete contract theory. Serwach shows that these new trends overlap and complement previously existing theories. The overview of the latest theories of international trade presented in the article prompts several conclusions. One of these is that many theoreticians focus on the relationship between a company’s productivity and its decision to go international with its business. The trends discussed in the article involve the problem of the significant role of fixed costs in shaping trade flows, the author says. Although the latest ideas make it possible to offer a theoretical explanation of many empirical phenomena in the trade of goods, Serwach says, these concepts have some limitations. These include the lack of in-depth modeling of demand and a tendency to ignore strategic interactions between firms.

12

Interaction between international trade and economic growth: evidence from qualitative comparative analysis

80%

Bilman A. S., Turkeli S.

International Economics Letters

|

2013

|

vol. 2

|

issue 4

5-19

EN

The relationship between international trade and growth is one of the most popular debates in international economics literature. Although there are numerous theoretical approaches and empirical studies about the issue, the direction of the causality and the magnitude of the interaction still remain unclear. In this study, qualitative comparative analysis introduced by Ragin (1987) is applied, different from the previous empirical studies on the topic. The results present the conditions for growth in the country groups involved. The findings imply that trade policy is still of great importance in terms of stimulating growth in developing countries, while it has little importance in developed countries.

13

Changes in Self-Sufficiency in Beef and Pork in Selected Central and Eastern Europe Markets

80%

Kubala S.

Problemy Zarządzania

|

2018

|

issue 6/2018 (79), t.1

96-107

EN

Food self-sufficiency is considered a priority for modern economies. The meat market is among the most developed food markets in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Their accession to the European Union opened up new markets to producers, while raising competition levels. The aim of the article is to assess the level of self-sufficiency in beef and pork in selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe in 2005-2017. Simplified indicators of food self-sufficiency were used, with focus on measures of technical and economic self-sufficiency. Technical self-sufficiency was measured on the basis of the volume of foreign trade; the amount of meat produced per capita and the ratio of meat consumption to production were also taken into account. Economic self-sufficiency was assessed on the basis the value of foreign trade. Considerable differences in terms of self-sufficiency have been found among the countries of Central and Eastern European. It turns out that Poland, Lithuania and Estonia have the safest beef policy, while Hungary and Estonia are leaders in terms of pork production policies. Domestic beef production satisfies the demand in the majority of countries of Central and Eastern Europe; when it comes to pork, only Poland is self-sufficient. The lowest degree of beef and pork self-sufficiency has been observed in Bulgaria and Slovakia; Slovenia is least self-sufficient in terms of pork production.

14

Etyczne aspekty światowego systemu handlowego na przykładzie koncepcji Fair Trade

80%

Grącik-Zajaczkowski M., Warsaw School of Economics, mgraci@sgh.waw.pl

Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

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2015

|

vol. 18

|

issue 1

EN

The effect of globalization is not only an improvement of living conditions in many developing countries, but also a widening of development disparities and economic inequalities between countries of the rich North and the poor South. Fair trade can be considered as a response to emerging problems of development. Therefore it is a form of assistance directed to the marginalized producers in the Global South by enabling them to manufacture, sell and distribute goods to markets in developed countries. This is an alternative to the existing formula of international trade, whose aim is to help producers in the South by integrating them into the current trading system under certain conditions. The idea is to create a new business relationship between producer and consumer, where the production and consumption are bound together in a new supply chain and where the economic benefits are distributed more fairly. It means that the prices of fair trade products are set at a level that would ensure a steady income to the producer and would lead to raising their living standards and prosperity. The ethical aspects of the fair trade system are clear, the problem is whether the fair trade standards can be used on a wider scale in the global economy, where there is a clash of certain ethical values with market economy rules based on maximizing profits and increasing efficiency.

15

What Determines Export Performances in High‑tech Industries

80%

Śledziewska K., Akhvlediani T.

Central European Economic Journal

|

2017

|

vol. 1

|

issue 48

EN

The paper aims to identify the determinants of exports in high-technology sectors (high-tech, HT) of Visegrad countries (the Visegrad four, V4: Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary) and the core member states of the European Union (EU). Based on the augmented gravity model, we estimate the regressions on panel data of the bilateral export flows of the EU-15 and V4 with the rest of the world in 1999−2011, by employing the Poisson pseudo-maximum-likelihood (PPML) estimator. The comparison of the estimations of overall export flows with the estimates explicitly done for the high-tech sectors allows us to outline the main characteristics of the existing gap in high-tech export performances of the EU-15 and V4. Estimation results find that while for the EU-15, human capital accumulation is statistically significant and export flows increase with similarity in physical capital accumulation of the trade partner; for V4, instead of similarity, the difference in physical capital stock increases exports and human capital accumulation does not yield statistically significant effects.

16

WORLD TRADE AND REGIONAL TRADE ORIENTATION IN THE CONTEXT OF FORTHCOMING TRANSATLANTIC TRADE AND INVESTMENT PARTNERSHIP

80%

Czarny E., Folfas P.

Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy

|

2015

|

vol. 10

|

issue 3

105-128

EN

We analyse potential consequences of the forthcoming Trade and Investment Partnership between the European Union and the United States (TTIP) for trade orientation of both partners. We do it so with along with the short analysis of the characteristics of the third wave of regionalism and the TTIP position in this process as well as the dominant role of the EU and the U.S. in the world economy – especially – in the world trade. Next, we study trade orientation of the hypothetical region created in result of TTIP. We use regional trade introversion index (RTII) to analyze trade between the EU and the U.S. that has taken place until now to get familiar with the potential changes caused by liberalization of trade between both partners. We analyze RTII for mutual trade of the EU and the U.S. Then, we apply disaggregated data to analyze and compare selected partial RTII (e.g. for trade in final and intermediate goods as well as goods produced in the main sectors of economy like agriculture or manufacturing). The analysis of the TTIP region’s orientation of trade based on the historical data from the period 1999-2012 revealed several conclusions. Nowadays, the trade between the EU and the U.S. is constrained by the protection applied by both partners. Trade liberalization constituting one necessary part of TTIP will surely help to intensify this trade. The factor of special concern is trade of agricultural products which is most constrained and will hardly be fully liberalized even within a framework of TTIP. Simultaneously, both parties are even now trading relatively intensively with intermediaries, which are often less protected than the average of the economy for the sake of development of final goods’ production. The manufactured goods are traded relatively often as well, mainly in consequence of their poor protection after many successful liberalization steps in the framework of GATT/WTO. Consequently, we point out that in many respects the TTIP will be important not only for its participants, but for the whole world economy as well. TTIP appears to be an economic and political project with serious consequences for the world economy and politics.

17

Labour mobility and international trade

80%

Guo Y.

Catallaxy

|

2023

|

vol. 8

|

issue 1

7-20

EN

Motivation: The academic debate on whether the relationship between factor mobility and international trade is one of complementarity or substitution is inconclusive. In general, the relationship between the two can vary depending on the specific research methodology and the object of study. Moreover, there are fewer empirical analyses with China and the European Union as subjects, so studying the relationship between labour mobility and trade in the case of China and Europe is worthwhile. Aim: The purpose of this paper is to determine, through empirical analysis, the relationship between labour mobility in the form of dispatched labour and bilateral trade between China and the European Union in the period of 2005-2021. Materials and methods: This paper utilises quantitative analysis to investigate the relationship between labour movements and trade (imports and exports) based on data from 2005 to 2021, primarily through co-integration analysis and Granger causality testing. Results: The study found that there is a substitution relationship between the number of dispatched labour from China and the trade in goods between China and the European Union in the research period. Additionally, Granger causality tests show that China's dispatched labour to the EU is the Granger cause of China-EU export trade, and vice versa. However, China's dispatched labour to the EU is not a Granger cause of China-EU import trade.

18

A new method for calculating mirror data asymmetry in international trade

80%

Markowicz I., Baran P.

Oeconomia Copernicana

|

2020

|

vol. 11

|

issue 4

637-656

EN

Research background: Some statistics are of a bilateral nature. This is how foreign trade data is organized. They are recorded both in the supplier and recipient countries, hence they are called mirror data. The data recorded at both trading partner countries are not the same for different reasons. Such differences between data on the same groups of transactions are often referred to as the asymmetry of mirror data. The information about the value of the flows of goods are of great importance in economic analyses and therefore their quality is particularly important. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to present a new measure of data asymmetry - the aggregated quantity index with value-based weights. Methods: The proposed measure combines the quantity and the value of turn-over in individual trade relations. Such a measure makes it possible to eliminate basic deficiencies in value-based measures, while considering the specificity of trade in individual countries. The proposed measure of data asymmetry was confronted with several measures present in the literature and previously used by the Authors. The numerical example uses Comext data on intra-Community trade in 2017 provided by Eurostat. Findings & Value added: The proposed measure performs better than all the previously used data asymmetry indices. It is to some extent immune to exchange rate differences and inconsistencies resulting from the inclusion of transport and insurance costs in the value of goods. In addition, it gives lower weights to unimportant trade directions than other data asymmetry indices. Since the new index has proved to be better than the measures previously used, it is worth applying to those trade relations where the data are not de-rived from customs documents, but from declarations made by businesses, as in the case of intra-Community trade.

19

Opinia na temat zawartych w Partnerstwie Transpacyficznym (Trans-Pacific Partnership) postanowień dotyczących zabezpieczenia rynku przed produktami genetycznie modyfikowanymi

80%

Jaśkowski M.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

|

2016

|

issue 2(50)

130-134

EN

Article 2.27 of Trans-Pacific Partnership (PTP) agreement, concerning the trade of products of modern biotechnology, cannot be interpreted in a way which would impose upon any of the Parties an obligation to adopt or amendment of laws, regulations or policies for the control of such products within its territory. This provision defines the behavior in the event of detection of occurrence, in a shipment of plants or plant products, of “low-level presence” of rDNA plant material. It does not apply, however, to a plant or plant products that is a medicine or medical products. This provision do not also apply to animals and products of animal origin.

20

Sustainability or protectionism in palm oil trade: The case (DS593) of Indonesia vs. the EU

80%

Radmann B. M.

Academic Review of Business and Economics

|

2021

|

vol. 1(1)

1-16

EN

This paper examines the case DS593 to understand whether the developments in question represent an attempt to further well-justified policy objectives relating to sustainability or represent protectionism in disguise. DS593 came as Indonesia’s reaction to the EU Renewable Energy Directive II (RED II) that limits and bans palm-oil imports for the “foreseeable future”. Indonesia’s strong economic dependence on palm oil exports led it to look at the justification of RED II critically and thus to highlight some inconsistencies. These inconsistencies center around the EU’s definition of high and low Indirect Land Use Change (ILUC) risk biofuels. A review of already existing literature on the subject, in combination with the actual WTO agreements were studied to query the issue. It is argued that further deliberation is needed on the side of the EU on what constitutes high or low ILUC risk and on other biofuels apart from palm-oil which are considered unsustainable for EU regulations to not be considered protectionist.

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