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Assessment of interpersonal trust of Poles by the principal components analysis and log-linear modeling

100%
Grześkowiak A.
Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics
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2014
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issue 1(43)
74-86
EN
Interpersonal trust in Poland is found to be at a very low level. This paper aims at the analysis of this phenomenon on the basis of European Social Survey data. Principal components analysis was applied to examine the degree of interpersonal trust in Poland in relation to other countries. Associations of three dimensions of trust, i.e. trustfulness, fairness and helpfulness, were analyzed by log-linear modeling as well as an agreement measure relevant for categorical variables. A composite indicator based on the first principal component scores confirmed the relatively poor social trust of Poles. A moderate agreement on any two of the three facets of this phenomenon was uncovered and in most cases no interactions among all three aspects of interpersonal trust were detected.
2
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The Relation between Interpersonal and Institutional Trust in European Countries: Which Came First?

88%
Domański H., Pokropek A.
Polish Sociological Review
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2021
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vol. 213
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issue 1
87-102
EN
Numerous studies into the links between interpersonal trust and confidence in state institutions have been conducted since Putnam made the study of trust popular in the early 1990s. As might be expected, both interpersonal and institutional trust tend to be strongly correlated at the individual and the aggregate country level. However, there have been no attempts to determine whether (i) interpersonal trust results from trust in political institutions, (ii) whether the reverse is the case-confidence in government is a precondition for the development of individual trust, or (iii) there are purely reciprocal associations between these attitudes that would appear empirically as a lack of causality. Using data from the European Social Survey 2010 we test these three possibilities using a recursive model
3
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Changing fortunes and attitudes: what determines the political trust in modern Russia?

88%
Malkina M. Y., Ovchinnikov V. N., Kholodilin K. A.
Oeconomia Copernicana
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2021
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vol. 12
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issue 1
77-98
EN
Research background: We are guided by concepts linking political trust with the perceived rank of people in the wealth hierarchy, their confidence in other people, and the means they use to learn about events at home and abroad. Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to assess and analyse at the micro level the impact of subjective welfare, interpersonal trust and the intensity of usage of television & radio or the Internet to search for news on political trust in four levels of Russian government. Methods: The study is based on microdata from the Life in Transition Surveys provided by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Ordinal logit regressions are constructed to evaluate the impact of test and control variables on political trust in the Russian president, federal, regional, and local governments in 2010 and 2016. Findings & value added: We identify a reverse of political trust in the upper levels of the Russian government between 2010 and 2016, when the impact of perceived welfare level changes from positive to negative. This phenomenon is explained by the focus of the policy of the federal centre on sup-porting the poor groups of the population, as well as its distancing from business. In contrast, the positive, albeit inconsistent, effect of subjective wealth on trust in lower-level governments is due to the benefits that businesses can gain from interaction with local authorities. We find the positive impact of controlled television and radio on trust in the upper echelons of power, along with the negative impact of the freer Internet on political trust in regional and local authorities. We also confirm the hypothesis of a positive and significant relationship between interpersonal and political trust, highlighting the role of social capital. Finally, our research shows that in systems of the hierarchical type, such as Russia, specific mechanisms for maintaining political trust are established. They are associated with the redistribution of public expectations and claims to different branches of government. The results obtained are applicable for managing political trust through building a democratic state and civil society.
4
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Coping with Low-Trust Situations in Eastern and Western Europe: On the Role of Justice and Corruption as Buffers of Interpersonal Distrust

75%
Mueller G. P.
Polish Sociological Review
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2011
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vol. 174
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issue 2
181-194
EN
This article focuses on the impact of interpersonal distrust on the perceived locus of control of the concerned person. It is argued that distrust triggers a psychological shift of the perceived locus of control towards distrusted others-a process, which may however be slowed down or even stopped by appropriate subjective or objective buffers. E.g. reliable law enforcement may have this buffering effect as well as the instrumentalisation of the state by corrupt practices. On the bases of interview data form the European Values Study, the article first shows for a great number of Eastern and Western countries the existence of the postulated negative impact of distrust on the degree of perceived internal control. In a second step, the article also investigates the buffering effects of trustworthy law enforcement and corruption. The statistical analyses demonstrate that in Central and Eastern Europe, corruption has a much stronger buffering effect than law enforcement, whereas in Western Europe, the strengths of the two types of buffers are just the reverse.
5
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Wymiar zaufanie-kontrola jako dwubiegunowy czynnik efektywności organizacji

63%
Górniak L., Motyka M.
Psychologia Ekonomiczna
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2012
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issue 2
38-53
PL
Artykuł proponuje psychologiczne spojrzenie na związek między zaufaniem a kontrolą, traktowany jako czynnik efektywności organizacji. Autorzy zajmują stanowisko, zgodnie z którym pełna kontrola i całkowity brak kontroli rozumianej jako pełne zaufanie, nie stanowią odrębnych, a więc niezależnych od siebie właściwości systemu zarządzania w danej organizacji, lecz odnoszą się do pewnego wspólnego wymiaru z tak nazwanymi krańcami. Wymiar kontrola-zaufanie ma duże znaczenie dla funkcjonowania każdej organizacji, wpływając na styl jej działania, charakter występujących w niej relacji społecznych i – pośrednio – jej efektywność. Prezentując krytyczne stanowisko wobec rozwiązań, w których kryzys zaufania proponuje się pokonać wzmożoną kontrolą, autorzy podkreślają pozytywną funkcję zaufania dla zdrowych stosunków międzyludzkich. Wskazując na psychologicznie negatywne skutki nadmiernie rozbudowanych systemów kontrolnych, są jednak dalecy od postulowania rezygnacji z metod obiektywnej kontroli zachowań ludzi w organizacjach, albo do namawiania do porzucania prób obiektywizowania wskaźników ich osiągnięć. Starają się wykazać, że zarówno sztywna i nadmierna kontrola, nie uwzględniająca elementu zaufania, jak i naiwne zaufanie nie uwzględniające czynnika kontroli, z czasem muszą prowadzić do wzrostu patologii zachowań organizacyjnych. Dla zachowania możliwości rozwoju i uzyskania potrzebnej satysfakcji z wykonywanych działań, pracownicy potrzebują mieć pewność, że ich przełożeni będą postępować względem nich z uwzględnieniem elastycznej i wyważonej proporcji w wymiarze zaufanie-kontrola. Takie adekwatne do sytuacji traktowanie tych dwóch czynników może zapewnić zakres wolności, który korzystnie będzie wpływał na wzmocnienie przekazywanej pracownikom odpowiedzialności.
EN
This article proposes the psychological point of view regarding the relation between trust and control, treated as a factor of organizational effectiveness.he authors claim that full control and total lack of control, which is understood as full trust, are not separate, and therefore they are independent features of an organizational management system, but refer to a common bipolar dimension. The control-trust dimension is vital for the functioning of any organization, influencing its activities, the quality of social relations, and, indirectly, its economic effectiveness. Presenting a critical stance towards solutions that propose to overcome the crisis of trust by increased control, the authors emphasize the positive function of trust for healthy interpersonal relations. While pointing out the negative psychological effects of excessive control systems, the authors are far from rejecting the objective methods of controlling human behavior in organizations or abandoning their attempts to objectify indicators of employee performance. The authors try to show that both rigid and excessive control, which does not take into account the element of trust, and implicit trust, which does not take into account the control factor, must lead to increasing the pathology of organizational behavior. For the sake of the employees’ growth possibilities and their satisfaction with the activities performed, employees need to be sure that their supervisors will use flexible and balanced proportions in the trust-control dimension when interacting with them. Such situation-specific treatment of these 38-53two factors may provide a range of freedom that will strengthen the responsibility granted to the employees.
6
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Przekonania o świecie społecznym a pogląd na prawo do posiadania broni palnej w Polsce

63%
Seń M., Zielińska A.
Ogrody Nauk i Sztuk
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2019
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issue 9
75-94
PL
Cel badań. Celem prezentowanych badań było ustalenie, jakie przekonania o świecie społecznym współwystępują z określonym poglądem na prawo do posiadania broni palnej w Polsce – mniej lub bardziej permisywnym (liberalnym). Metodologia. Grupę badawczą stanowiło 109 osób (74 kobiety i 35 mężczyzn) rekrutowanych metodą kuli śnieżnej. Badanie przeprowadzone było w formie internetowej; polegało na wypełnieniu Kwestionariusza Przekonań Społecznych i odpowiedzi na pytania o pogląd na prawo do posiadania broni palnej w Polsce oraz o dotychczasowe doświadczenia z bronią palną. Wyniki badań. Pięć z sześciu stawianych hipotez nie znalazło potwierdzenia w uzyskanych wynikach. Ustalono jednak, że wraz ze wzrostem poziomu orientacji na dominację społeczną (SDO) opinie na temat prawa do posiadania broni palnej stawały się średnio bardziej liberalne. Wykryto, że mężczyźni w porównaniu do kobiet charakteryzują się bardziej przyzwalającymi poglądami na temat prawa do broni palnej. Podobnie badani będący w relacjach z osobami, którym przyznano prawo dostępu do broni, wyrażają bardziej permisywne przekonania w omawianej sprawie. Mieszkańcy dużych miast przejawiają bardziej liberalne przekonania kulturowe i ekonomiczne, a także słabszy poziom prawicowego autorytaryzmu niż osoby zamieszkujące mniejsze miejscowości i wsie. Spośród pozycji wchodzących w skład skali SDO wyodrębniono dwa wymiary: Antyegalitaryzmu oraz Dominacji (Opresyjności). Wnioski. Badanie wpisuje się w istotny społecznie dyskurs dotyczący posiadania broni palnej; dostarcza wiedzy o motywach sięgania ludzi po taką broń oraz tłumaczy, jak zmieniają się ich pobudki pod wpływem dostępu do niej. Znaczącym ograniczeniem badania jest sposób, w jaki sprawdzano opinię na temat prawa do posiadania broni (zadawano wyłącznie jedno pytanie). W kolejnych pracach warto zastosować bardziej rozbudowane narzędzie.
EN
Purpose of research. The aim of the research is to determine which beliefs about the social world co-exist with a given view on the right to possess a firearm in Poland – more or less permissive (liberal). Methodology. The research group consisted of 109 people (74 women and 35 men) recruited by the snowball sampling method. The study was conducted by Internet; it consisted in completing the Social Conviction Questionnaire and answering questions about opinions on the right to possess firearms in Poland and on previous experiences with firearms. Results. Most of the results obtained are not consistent with predictions. However, it was found that as the level of social dominance orientation (SDO) increased, opinions on the right to possess firearms were on average more permissive. It has been detected that compared to women men have more permissive views about the right to firearms. Similarly, participants who have a relatrionship with people who have been granted the right of access to firearms express more permissive beliefs on the matter. Inhabitants of large cities exhibit more liberal cultural and economic beliefs, as well as weaker levels of right-wing authoritarianism than people living in smaller towns and villages. Among the items included in the SDO scale, two dimensions have been distinguished: Anti-Egalitarianism and Dominance (Opressiveness). Conclusions. The research is a part of an important ongoing study on firearms; provides knowledge about the motives of people reaching for such weapons and explains how they change under the influence of access to them. A significant limitation of the study is the way in which opinions on the right to firearms were checked (only one question was asked). In subsequent studies on similar beliefs, a broader perspective is worth considering.
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Poszukiwać przyjaciół czy zdobywać majątek? Cele życiowe a zadowolenie z życia

63%
Skarżyńska K.
Roczniki Psychologiczne
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2004
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vol. 7
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issue 1
7-31
EN
The aim of the two studies was to assess relations between the type of preferred life-goals (extrinsic goals, including material success, power, achievement and career vs. intrinsic goals, including love and friendship, family, being useful for others and obeying rules of religion), interpersonal trust, level of subjective somatic health and level of general life-satisfaction. The data was collected by means of standardised interviews conducted in a representative random sample of adult inhabitants of Warsaw (n = 1004) and by e-mail – in a sample of students (n = 112). The results of multiple regression analyses showed that extrinsic life-goals were not a significant predictor of the level of general life-satisfaction. Preferences for intrinsic life-goals were a significant predictor of general life-satisfaction level: those persons who strongly accepted intrinsic life-goals had higher level of life-satisfaction, even when levels of interpersonal trust, subjective somatic health, educational level and age of respondents were controlled. The results are consistent with research conducted by Kasser and Ahuvia (2002) and by Skarżyńska (2002), suggesting that some types of values (or life-goals) may be associated with well-being.
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