Search results

1

Actio pauliana s cudzím prvkom

100%

Cukerová D.

Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)

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2019

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vol. 158

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issue 2

201-216

EN

Under the Slovak law, fraudulent conveyance action is one of the creditor’s possible means of protection against the debtor’s legal act by which the assets are removed in order to deprive the creditor. The same or similar institute aiming to protect the creditor is to be found in the law of all European states belonging to the continental or Anglo-American legal culture. In this paper we shall focus on the cross-border credit protection under the European law. Due to the absence of direct legal regulation it is not clear under which rules can we set the jurisdiction and applicable law in the cross-border protection against debtors. In this paper we will try to outline possible ways for cross-border usine the institute of action pauliana.

CS

Jedným z prostriedkov ochrany proti právnemu úkonu, ktorým dlžník niečo scudzil zo svojho majetku v úmysle ukrátiť svojho veriteľa, je v českom ako aj v slovenskom právnom poriadku odporovacia žaloba. Rovnaký alebo porovnateľný inštitút sledujúci ochranu veriteľa môžeme nájsť v právnych poriadkoch všetkých európskych štátov patriacich či už do skupiny kontinentálnej právnej kultúry alebo angloamerickej právnej kultúry. V tomto príspevku sa zameriame na odporovaciu žalobu pri cezhraničnej ochrane veriteľa v európskom právnom priestore. Vzhľadom na absenciu výslovnej úpravy odporovateľnosti právnych úkonov v práve Európskej únie, nie je jasné, akými pravidlami sa je možné riadiť pri určovaní medzinárodnej právomoci súdu a rozhodného práva v situáciách, kedy veriteľ chce odporovať právnym úkonom svojho dlžníka a súčasne je prítomný cudzí prvok. V tomto príspevku sa pokúsime načrtnúť možné spôsoby ich určenia pre actio pauliana s cudzím prvkom.

2

Slovenskí kňazi v krakovskej arcidiecéze v rokoch 1920—1945.

100%

Ciągwa J.

Z Dziejów Prawa

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2013

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vol. 6(14)

233-255

EN

Establishing a Polish-Czechoslovak border in summer 1920 made Poland include 9 parishes of the Spis diochese, namely the whole decanate from Niedzice. The decanate included administratively into the Archdiocese in Cracow, was officially called a decanate from Spis. Slovak priests administering it were still subject to jurisdiction of Jan Vojyassak, a bishop from Spis. Only when Poland concluded a concordat, and pope bull Vixdum Poloniae unitas jurisdiction over the decanate in Spis belonged to Adam S. Sapiecha, a cardinal and archbishop from Cracow. As a result of the changes in the Polish-Slovak border, in September 1939, the decanate from Spis returned to the Spis diocese, under a traditional label of the decanate from Niedzice (from 1872, that is the date of its formation). Only Slovak priests worked there, starting from 1 November 1940. Having changed a Polish-Czechoslovak border (on 20 May 1945) the decanate in Spis returned to the Archdiocese in Cracow while its jurisdiction was handed over to Adam S. Sapiecha, a cardinal and archbishop in Cracow beginning from 1 November 1945. In the second half of 1945 Slovak priests who still worked there, became all of a sudden the objects of brutal aggression of the bodies of the public and self-government administration of the county in Nowy Targ, Secret Service, militia and army, as well as some Polish priests: there are three cases of imprisonment, intimidation, and criminal threatening, forcing to leaving Poland before 1 November 1945.

3

Godność urzędu sędziego – uwagi na tle orzecznictwa sądów dyscyplinarnych

100%

Korzeniewska-Lasota A.

Studia Ełckie

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2011

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vol. 13

285-296

EN

The main topic discussed in the article is the question of the dignity of the post of judge of the common courts of law. The authoress, on the basis of the law and the jurisdiction of the disciplinary court, in that regard, sought to determine the scope of the concept of “dignity of the post of judge”. She tried to answer the question, what specific requirements should meet the judge, and how he should behave, or how he should not behave, to make his duties in dignified way? The answer was constructed by identifying the normative responsibilities, basing on the Constitution of Poland, content of the oath of judges, articles 82. and 82., points “a” and “b” of the act of the Law of the Common Court and “The Rules of Professional Ethics of Judges”. Then, under the jurisdiction of the disciplinary court of the Supreme Court was compiled the list of behaviors which affront to the dignity the post of judge.

4

Execution on an Embassy Bank Account

100%

Wyrozumska A.

Polish Yearbook of International Law

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2012

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vol. 32

75-87

EN

Recently Polish courts have started to attach bank accounts of foreign embassies for the purpose of enforcement of judgements against embassies of foreign States in e.g. employment cases. The courts have applied the same principle to jurisdictional State immunity and immunity from enforcement and recognized that if state activities giving rise to the claims examined by courts were of private-law character, they are not protected either by jurisdictional or enforcement immunity. This standpoint is contrary to the dominant trend in other states’ practice, confirmed by the International Court of Justice in 2012 (Germany v. Italy: Greece Intervening). While in the field of jurisdictional immunity, the nature of an act as iure imperii or iure gestionis is decisive, in a case of immunity from enforcement – the allocation of the property against which enforcement measures are sought. Embassy bank accounts are generally covered by immunity from enforcement. In this situation Polish courts should develop convincing and exhaustive reasons why it is necessary for the protection of an individual to overrule the ne impediatur legatio principle. The judgements are not sufficiently reasoned and there is no good argument to support this stance. They expose Poland to international liability.

5

Czy można rozdzielić prymat nauczania od prymatu jurysdykcji? Perspektywa ekumeniczna

89%

Kroczek P.

Annales Canonici

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2012

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vol. 8

EN

The problem of papal primacy is one the most fragile issues between Catholics and Protestants. The author of the article discusses the possibility of a separation of the primacy of jurisdiction from the primacy of teaching. The method of reasoning follows the one of St. Thomas: first the arguments pro are given, and later the arguments contra. The arguments are from Catholic theology, Lutheran theology and philosophy. The answer is given from Ecumenical Perspective.

6

Wybrane zagadnienia dotyczące transgranicznej zmiany miejsca zwykłego pobytu dziecka, którego rodzice żyją w rozłączeniu

88%

Wojewoda M., Kostwiński M.

Forum Prawnicze

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2020

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issue 2 (58)

22–39

EN

The article attempts to capture and analyse selected issues regarding parental responsibility in the event of a trans-border change of habitual residence of a child whose parents live apart in different countries when parents need to change the existing arrangements concerning their parental responsibilities and, in particular, the existing right of access with regard to the child. For clarification purposes, various problems which are covered by the article have been discussed using a case-study method with Polish-Italian family relations in the background. The main issues raised by the authors relate to the law applicable to parental responsibility as well as jurisdiction, recognition and enforcement of foreign court judgments (including court settlements) in matters of parental responsibility. Some attention is devoted also to the possibility of securing the implementation of court judgments made with regard to the parents’ right of access.

7

Ewolucja unijnego pojęcia „główny ośrodek podstawowej działalności dłużnika” z perspektywy spółek i osób prawnych Ewolucja unijnego pojęcia „główny ośrodek podstawowej działalności dłużnika” z perspektywy spółek i osób prawnych

88%

Guzewicz A.

Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego

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2021

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vol. 30

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issue 4

795-828

EN

The purpose of this article is to present the meaning and the interpretation of the concept of “the centre of the debtor’s main interests”, which is fundamental to cross-border insolvency proceedings in the European Union. The history of the development of the analysed concept dates back several decades, starting with the projects of European conventions on bankruptcy proceedings. Regulation No 1346/2000 on insolvency proceedings, which was replaced by recast Regulation No 2015/848, is the basic legal act at EU level from which this term is derived. Neither of these legal acts deal with all aspects of cross-border insolvency, as they rather focus on the issues of jurisdiction, recognition of judgments and applicable law. In its preliminary rulings, the Court of Justice of the European Union confirmed that “the centre of the debtor’s main interests” is an autonomous concept of EU law, which implies its uniform interpretation and application in national legal orders. The interpretative findings made by the CJEU with respect to the provisions of Regulation No 1346/2000 were then reflected, although not fully, in the provisions of Regulation No 2015/848. The concept of “the centre of the debtor’s main interests” has evolved over the course of years. However, this is not a completed process, but, on the contrary, a fully on-going one, which is consistent with the axiology of EU law and the dynamics of its development. In the context of the evolution of the notion of “the centre of the debtor’s main interests”, the CJEU maintains the jurisprudence, referring to previous decisions and developing its theses depending on the facts of the case presented to it. Moreover, the impact of the CJEU’s case law is expressed in the fact that the EU legislator took into account the conclusions resulting from preliminary rulings in the new EU provisions, i.e. in Regulation No 2015/848. The EU legislator followed the reasoning of the CJEU, which strengthens coherence between the area of application and the making of EU law. However, the role of the CJEU did not end together with the entry into force of the new legal provisions. Subsequent questions for a preliminary ruling from national courts clearly show that not all doubts have been dispelled. It can be assumed that, on the basis of the new regulation, the CJEU will have more opportunities to comment on the interpretation of the concept of “the centre of the debtor’s main interests”.

8

The Impact of Achmea on Investor-State Arbitration under Intra-EU BITs: A Treaty Law Perspective

88%

Georgaki K., Papanastasiou T.-N.

Polish Yearbook of International Law

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2019

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vol. 39

209-226

EN

This article examines the consequences of the Court of Justice of the European Union’s (CJEU) ruling in Achmea concerning Investor-State Arbitration (ISA) under intra-EU Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) from a treaty law perspective. It begins by briefly setting out the arguments of Advocate General Wathelet and the CJEU supporting their different positions on whether intra-EU BITs ISA clauses are compatible with EU law. The article then proceeds to analyse Achmea’s implications for intra-EU BIT ISA. It concludes that, as a result of the CJEU’s ruling, arbitral tribunals are deprived of their jurisdiction to entertain investors’ claims brought under intra-EU BIT ISA clauses. Finally, the article argues that Achmea’s applicability to cases brought under intra-EU BIT ISA clauses is limited, using the application of EU law as a relevant qualification. In order for an arbitral tribunal to be deprived of its jurisdictional competence as a result of Achmea, it must be entitled to interpret and apply EU law directly or indirectly in determining its jurisdiction.

9

Jurisdiction Collisions In The Criminal Proceedings Of European Union Member States

88%

Jurka R., Zajančkauskienė J.

Baltic Journal of Law & Politics

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2015

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vol. 8

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issue 1

82-105

EN

Employing systematic document analysis and other methods, this article analyses a long-standing and still relevant issue related to the interpretation and application of the law regulating relationships in the field of European Union criminal justice within the framework of the national criminal proceedings that are taking place in EU member states. The article places special emphasis on the explanation and application of the principle of mutual recognition within the framework of one of the newest instruments of international cooperation in the European Union criminal proceedings meant to prevent conflicts of exercise of jurisdiction and to solve issues arising between two or more member states. The analysis of conflicts of exercise of jurisdiction provided in this paper is not limited to a mere explanation of the concept as such, but includes an essential analysis of other related issues, such as the principle of mutual recognition, its influence on the recognition of criminal proceedings as parallel proceedings, and including other aspects related to the matching of the form of national criminal proceedings with the criminal proceedings taking place in another member state. Finally, significant attention is given to one of the objectives in terms of prevention and solution of conflicts of exercise of jurisdiction, namely, the ne bis in idem principle and its application in case of parallel criminal proceedings taking place in two or more member states. One of the key conclusions offered here is that in order to eliminate conflicts of exercise of jurisdiction, positive law in the process of conflicts of jurisdiction must become an effective measure in criminal justice; however, only on the condition that at least a minimum likelihood in the form of criminal proceedings adopted by different EU members states is ensured as a precondition necessary to enable a smooth application of the principle of mutual recognition.

10

Types of Jurisdiction in Administrative Proceedings on the Legislation of Ukraine

88%

Hnatyuk S., Bogomazova I.

Internal Security

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2015

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vol. 7(2)

237-244

EN

The article deals with the concept of jurisdiction in administrative proceedings in Ukraine. It proposes an algorithm fordetermining a competent administrative court for hearing and deciding specific administrative cases. Particular attention is givento specific types of jurisdiction: territorial jurisdiction, instance jurisdiction and jurisdiction by the court’s ruling. In the article,the criteria for allocation of cases to the administrative courts are analyzed. The author emphasizes that the nature of the issueor legal entities in conflict are the criteria to be used in determining each case’s jurisdiction. The basis of the territorial jurisdictionof administrative cases are the following criteria: administrative and territorial structure of Ukraine; the location of the defendant;the location of the plaintiff; administrative cases of national, public or international importance; specifics, subjects, the contentof public relations and their object. Clarity and equal opportunities to appeal court decisions are the basis for instance jurisdiction.The criterion determining the jurisdiction of several interconnected requirements is the presence of two or more interrelatedrequirements stated by the plaintiff in a lawsuit. It was found that jurisdiction is a complex system of norms that has a specialsignificance to justice in general and administrative justice in particular. The author suggests that jurisdiction should be understoodas a system of procedural rules that allows distinguishing the competences of courts basing on characteristics of the case to beconsidered.

11

Kognicja sądów administracyjnych wobec kontroli legalności prerogatywy Prezydenta RP do powoływania sędziów

88%

Sławiński A.

Przegląd Sejmowy

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2020

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issue 3(158)

163–182

EN

The article assesses the impact of the legal acts of the President of the Republic of Poland on individual legal standing. Anyone may in virtue of the President’s actions, satisfy their legal interest and acquire rights. Potential admissibility of administrative court’s review of the President’s executive competences is also discussed. A majority of the scholarly opinions and of jurisdiction is that neither common nor administrative courts have the competence to assess is actions of the highest state authority in this matter. No jurisdiction in this scope prevents administering justice and thus is an obstacle in exercising fundamental rights by an individual. The article presents arguments for and against recognition of the administrative court’s competence and potential effects of legal review.

12

The Specialist Court for Kosovo: continuity or departure from the hybrid courts model?

88%

Selimi S.

Academicus. International Scientific Journal

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2016

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issue 13

26-39

EN

The issue of whether to establish Specialist Chambers within the Kosovo justice system for alleged war crimes committed in Kosovo has been, arguably, one of the most heated debates not only from a political and social point of view, but also from a legal one. While the required amendments in the Constitution and several laws of Kosovo necessary to establish the Specialist Chambers in furtherance of the agreement dated 14 April 2014 between the Republic of Kosovo and the European Union on the Mission of the European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (“EULEX”) will certainly create heated debates in the political level, one may argue that the legal issues that are expected to be encountered when the Specialist Chambers will be operational, may be even more pressing. This is in consideration of the peculiar nature of the Specialist Chambers, which are meant to have their basis within the laws of Kosovo, but at the same time, be independent from them and from control of Kosovo authorities. The purpose of this article is to delineate the possible legal issues that might confront the Specialist Chambers of Kosovo. Its main argument is that, while the Specialist Chambers seem to follow the experience of other hybrid internationalised courts, it still differs from them in some aspects. The challenges that the new Specialist Chambers may need to tackle deal with its jurisdiction and position within the Kosovo Judicial system, and its legitimacy and legal basis.

13

K dějinám pravoslavné církve na Podkarpatské Rusi v l. 1918 – 1938

88%

Marek P.

Acta historica Neosoliensia Vedecký časopis pre historické vedy

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2016

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vol. 19

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issue 2

52-77

EN

The aim of the article is to arouse the problem of the origin and development of the Orthodox movement in Carpathian Ruthenia during the time of the first Czechoslovak republic (1918-1938). It deals with the issues of causes of the origin of the movement after the WWI, depicts its periodization and tries to achieve determination of particular stages of the development and finding its characteristic features. Main attention is focused on the problem of its directing with regard to the fact that it was created as a result of huge effort of masses to attain the change of confession. Author analyses three main methods resulting in calming of the situation and consolidation of approaches in church and religious sphere through the constituting of structures of the Orthodox Church and ad-justment of legislation as well. The main part of the article consists of reflection of activities of exponents of Patriarchate of Constantinople and Serbia in Czechoslovakia directing to establishing of the Autocephalous Orthodox Church in Czechoslovakia. In other words, it is the Carpatho-Ruthenian Orthodox diocese established in conditions of the struggle for jurisdictional issues. The study is an outline of the problem and tries to depict main featu-res and trends of the development.

14

Prawa człowieka a prawo prywatne międzynarodowe

88%

Juryk A., Wysocka-Bar A.

Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego

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2021

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vol. 30

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issue 2

181-225

EN

The article is a comprehensive overview of the draft resolution of the Institute of International Law (Institut de Droit International), as it was presented at the 2019 session in the Hague, the Netherlands. The article follows the structure of the resolution and therefore it provides a commentary on human rights: their concept and evolution, human rights and private law, interpretation, priority, immunity from jurisdiction, jurisdictional rules, international civil procedure and judicial cooperation, conflict of law rules – general principles, conflict of law rules – specific rules, as well as the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgements. The article is supplemented by the Polish translation of the resolution.

15

Analiza zgłoszeń podejrzenia chorób wywołanych sposobem wykonywania pracy w kontekście patologii uznanych za choroby zawodowe

75%

Cwynar E., Kosińska M., Tomczyk-Socha M.

Medycyna Pracy

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2013

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vol. 64

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issue 3

387-396

EN

Background: In this report the increase in the number of notifications of suspicions of diseases caused by the way the job is performed, observed recently in the Regional Center of Occupational Medicine in Wrocław, is highlighted. The problem stems from the recognition of medical certification of such diseases as occupational diseases only in one third of all notifications of suspicions. Material and Methods: The case study was based on statistical data concerning notifications of suspected occupational diseases collected in the Branches of the Regional Center of Occupational Medicine in Wrocław in the years 2006-2011, as well as on medical certificates issued by the Center's Out-patient Clinics of Occupational Diseases. More than 700 reports of suspected chronic occupational diseases of the musculo-skeletal system and chronic diseases of the peripheral nervous system caused by the way the job is performed were analyzed, taking into account gender, age and how the work had been done. On the basis of the analysis of medical certificates issued by physicians, decision-making procedures and the recognition of occupational disease certification are discussed. Results: The analysis of the data collected in the Regional Center of Occupational Medicine, Wroclaw, in the years 2006-2011 showed a significant increase in the percentage of notifications of suspicions of diseases caused by the way the job is performed. At the same time it was shown that only about one third of reported suspicions were concluded with issuing medical certification of an occupational disease and the administrative confirmation of the decision. Conclusions: The results of the study revealed significant certification problems in the group of diseases caused by the way the job is performed in terms of the recognition of this type of pathology as an occupational disease. These issues are ambiguous because of a large number of non-occupational factors involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Med Pr 2013;64(3):387–396

PL

Wstęp: W doniesieniu przedstawiono obserwowany w ostatnich latach w Dolnośląskim Wojewódzkim Ośrodku Medycyny Pracy (DWOMP) we Wrocławiu wzrost liczby zgłoszeń podejrzenia chorób wywołanych sposobem wykonywania pracy. Problem orzeczniczy wynika z uznawania tego typu schorzeń za choroby zawodowe tylko w przypadku 1/3 zgłoszeń. Materiał i metody: Do opracowania wykorzystano dane statystyczne dotyczące zgłoszeń podejrzenia chorób zawodowych złożone w oddziałach DWOMP we Wrocławiu w latach 2006-2011 oraz orzeczeń lekarskich wydanych w Poradniach Chorób Zawodowych (PChZ) oddziałów DWOMP. Analizie poddano ponad 700 zgłoszeń podejrzenia przewlekłej choroby zawodowej układu ruchu oraz przewlekłej choroby obwodowego układu nerwowego wywołanych sposobem wykonywania pracy, z uwzględnieniem płci, wieku i sposobu wykonywania pracy. Na podstawie analizy wydanych orzeczeń lekarskich opisano procedury orzekania i rozpoznawania choroby zawodowej. Wyniki: Analiza zebranych danych wykazała znaczny wzrost procentowego udziału zgłoszeń podejrzeń chorób wynikających ze sposobu wykonywania pracy w DWOMP we Wrocławiu w latach 2006-2011. Jednocześnie wykazano, że tylko około 1/3 zgłaszanych podejrzeń kończyło się orzeczeniem lekarskim o rozpoznaniu choroby zawodowej i wydaniem decyzji administracyjnej o jej stwierdzeniu. Wnioski: Wyniki badania wskazują na problemy orzecznicze przy stwierdzaniu chorób zawodowych w odniesieniu do chorób wywołanych sposobem wykonywania pracy. Problemy te są wieloznaczne z uwagi na udział czynników pozazawodowych w etiopatogenezie tego typu schorzeń. Med. Pr. 2013;64(3):387–396

16

Whatever you think, think the opposite. A space law point of view

75%

Brodecki Z.

Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne studia nad prawem

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2018

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vol. 10

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issue 1

59-83

EN

The article aims to help realize that to understand the changes which take place in space policy and space law, it is necessary to abandon the old course of thought and think the other way. The author exposes thesis that force to take a look at the law in a different way. He states that: all sources of international law (specified in Article 38 of the Statute of the ICJ) and EU law are in force in the Polish legal order, with the exception of international agreements, which only apply if they are ratified by the Republic of Poland and published in the Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland. The legal policy (conducted by the competent authorities in each forum based on the specific procedures) is the ius reflex, which inspires the development of lex and vice versa. The law applies beyond the borders of states’ jurisdictions (res communis) in the maritime and outer space and becomes a constitutional element of the new civilization (market and culture), which gradually affects the law within the jurisdiction of states (sovereignty and sovereign rights). The power of law ceases to guarantee the resolution of international conflicts, which forces the application of the law of force. The sine qua non condition to survive the new civilization is to protect humanity and to share resources fairly in the process of transformation.

17

Suitable Political System for Starting Point of European Integration and its Contemporary Impulse: Historical Perspective

75%

Khuphenia S., Dzemyda I.

Horyzonty Polityki

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2015

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vol. 6

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issue 17

EN

What it meant by European Integration? We mean the historical process whereby European nation-states have been willing to transfer, or more usually pool, their sovereign powers in a collective enterprise. The European Union, which today contains twenty-eight member states, which has a complex institutional structure that includes a supranational central administration (the European Commission), an elected Parliament, a Court of Justice and a Central Bank, is the outcome of this processes. Many American and European scientists of the European Union have chided “intergovemmentalist” accounts for emphasizing the duration of member state authority over the process of European integration. This article attempts to prove these criticisms in a “historical institutionalist” account that mentions the importance of research on European integration as a political process which spreads over time. Such an aspect distinguishes the limitations of member-state control over permanent institutional improvements, due to a fixation with short-term interests, the existence of unexpected consequences, and actions that “lock in” past decisions and make affirmation of member-state control difficult. Short exploration of the development of social policy in the EC advocates the limitations of conducting the EC as an international regime promoting collective activity among sovereign states. It is important to view integration as a “path-dependent” process that has composed a dispersed, but still obvious “multitiered” European polity.

18

Odrzucenie spadku w świetle wyroku TSUE z 2 czerwca 2022 r. (C-617/20)

75%

Pazdan J.

Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego

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2022

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vol. 30

139-172

EN

The jurisdiction provided for in Article 13 of Regulation 650/2012 is ancillary to the jurisdiction regulated in Articles 4-11 of the Regulation. It covers only the declarations described in this provision. Their content is determined by the law applicable to succession. Jurisdiction under Article 13, on the other hand, does not cover the consequences of the silence of a candidate for an heir. The effects of the waiver of the succession are assessed according to the provisions of the law applicable to succession even if the waiver occurred within the jurisdiction of Article 13 of the Regulation. In the case before the CJEU, the Bremen court of succession held that since it had not been served with the original document containing the waiver of the succession with an official translation into German within the deadline set by the law application to succession (Section 1944(3) BGB), there had been no effective waiver of the succession. Responding to the preliminary questions of the German court of second instance, the CJEU correctly stated that in the case of waiver of the succession in the state, in which the waiving heir has his or her habitual residence, it is sufficient to comply with the form requirements provided for by the law of the state in which that declaration is made, without a necessity to comply with the requirements of the lex successionis. On the basis of legis processualis, the German court of succession could have requested that translation into German of the documents drawn up in Dutch is submitted. On the same basis, it could also have demanded the submission of the originals of the above documents. However, it incorrectly held that these acts must be completed within the time limit for waiver of succession provided for in the legis successionis. It is also clear that the failure of the heir waiving the succession to comply with the instruction contained in the last sentence of recital 32 of the Regulation (paragraph 74) regarding the obligation to give notice of waiver, does not render the waiver invalid. It seems desirable in future, however, to explicitly include in the Regulation the obligation to notify the court of succession of the waiver, in the country of habitual residence of the waiving heir.

19

Wybrane zagadnienia związane z projektem rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady w sprawie ustanowienia Prokuratury Europejskiej

75%

Toruński M., Michalak K.

Studenckie Zeszyty Naukowe

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2016

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vol. 19

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issue 29

EN

The Lisbon Treaty has brought major changes in the functioning of the European Union, including in the area referred to in Art. 4 section 2 point j of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, which is an area of freedom, security and justice. It should first be noted that characteristic for European Union “pillar structure” has been liquidated. Former pillar III is nowadays covered by a single legal regime. Without a doubt falls conclude that the Lisbon Treaty has made a huge step towards the approximation of the laws of the Member States. Art. 86 TFEU introduces interesting novelty in this plane, providing for the possibility of establishment of an European Public Prosecutor’s Office, which is the EU body for investigating, prosecuting and bringing to justice the perpetrators of crimes against the financial interests of the European Union. Analysis of selected provisions of the Regulation on the establishment of an European Public Prosecutor’s Office leads to conclusion that draft regulation is not deprived of interpretational doubts. For instance there is a forum shopping threat. Fair trial standard and legislative technique have also been violated.

PL

Traktat z Lizbony przyniósł zasadnicze zmiany w funkcjonowaniu Unii Europejskiej, w tym w dziedzinie, o której mowa w art. 4 ust. 2 lit. j Traktatu o Funkcjonowaniu Unii Europejskiej, czyli przestrzeni wolności, bezpieczeństwa i sprawiedliwości. Należy przede wszystkim zauważyć, że zlikwidowano charakterystyczną dla TFUE strukturę filarową, a dawny filar III został objęty jednolitym reżimem prawnym. Bez wątpienia wypada stwierdzić, że Traktat z Lizbony uczynił ogromny krok w kierunku zbliżania ustawodawstw państw członkowskich. Art. 86 TFUE wprowadza interesujące novum na tej płaszczyźnie, przewidując możliwość powołania do życia Prokuratury Europejskiej, czyli unijnego organu do spraw dochodzenia, ścigania i stawiania przed sądem sprawców przestępstw przeciwko interesom finansowym Unii Europejskiej. Analiza wybranych uregulowań projektu rozporządzenia w sprawie ustanowienia Prokuratury Europejskiej pozwala na przyjęcie wniosku, że nie jest to uregulowanie pozbawione wątpliwości interpretacyjnych. Zwracają uwagę choćby takie zagadnienia, jak zjawisko forum shopping, zagrożenie dla gwarancji prawa do sądu czy wreszcie stosowana przez projektodawcę technika legislacyjna.

20

Limited liability company. Some comparative remarks

75%

Ciuchta J.

Zeszyt Naukowy Wyższej Szkoły Zarządzania i Bankowości w Krakowie

|

2018

|

issue 48

1-12

PL

Spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością jest jedną z najbardziej popularnych prawnych form prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej. Dzieje się tak w wielu systemach prawnych, nawet krańcowo od siebie dostępnych. Próba znalezienia punktów wspólnych oraz różnic metodą komparatystyki prawniczej może być pomocna w wytłumaczeniu fenomenu popularności spółki z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością. Zakres uproszczeń i ułatwień dla sp. z o.o. w porównaniu do modelowej spółki kapitałowej w danej jurysdykcji jest bardzo różny. Jednak upraszczanie struktury i przede wszystkim bardziej bezpośrednia kontrola właścicieli nad działaniami spółki są czynnikami występującymi we wszystkich badanych jurysdykcjach.

EN

A limited liability company is one of the most popular legal forms of running a business. This is the case in many jurisdictions, even extremely accessible from one another. An attempt to find common points and differences using the comparative legal method may be helpful in explaining the phenomenon of the popularity of a limited liability company. The scope of simplifications and facilitations for a limited liability company is very different compared to a model corporation in a given jurisdiction. However, simplification of the structure and, above all, more direct control of the owners over the activities of the company are factors in all of the surveyed jurisdictions.

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