This article presents, for the first time, a complete compilation of sources confirming the ugliness of Elisabeth Habsburg, wife of Casimir Jagiellon. It also explains how the authors of the sources dealt with the fact that in Elisabeth’s case, the description anime et corpus (where a beautiful body should correspond to the beauty of the soul) could not be applied.
The article presents the figure and views of the creator of the modern Olympic idea – Pierre de Coubertin on the phenomenon of mental overload of students and the role of sport in human development. This development was based on kalokagathia – an ancient ideal of comprehensive education. In his book Pedagogie sportive (Sport Pedagogy), the French thinker shows how physical activity and sport can influence moral, social and mental development. The reflections and postulates of the reformer of education from a century ago turn out to be up-to-date with contemporary challenges of physical education of children and youth. These include limiting the natural need for physical activity in younger students, sedentary lifestyles, hypokinesia, remote education, students’ reluctance to participate in physical education classes, lack of adequate sports infrastructure for physical activity at school, and deficiencies in health education.
Artykuł niniejszy ma na celu zarysowanie relacji między polityką i gospodarką a szkolnym wychowaniem fizycznym w wybranych krajach europejskich oraz w Polsce od renesansu do I wojny światowej, ponadto w II RP, PRL i III RP. Punkt wyjścia przyjętych rozważań stanowią kalokagatia oraz intelektualne kategorie nowożytnej i współczesnej kultury duchowej, określające myślenie i poznanie naukowe w Europie, mianowicie racjonalne myślenie i odczarowanie świata, którymi to pojęciami posługiwał się Max Weber. Na przestrzeni wieków zmieniały one stosunki towarowo-pieniężne, które tworzyły relacje z myślą pedagogiczną, edukacją i wychowaniem fizycznym także jako systemem wychowawczym młodzieży w Niemczech, Anglii, Szwecji i w Polsce. W zakończeniu wyrażono pogląd, iż relacje te są po dziś dzień aktualne.
EN
This article aims to outline the relationship between politics, economy and school physical education in selected european countries and also in the Republic of Poland from the Renaissance to the First World War, Second Republic, the Polish People’s Republic and the Third Republic. The starting point for these considerations are the kalokagata and the intellectual categories of modern and contemporary spiritual culture, which define thinking and scientific knowledge in Europe, namely the rational thinking and disillusion of the world that Max Weber used. Over the centuries, they have transformed commodity and money relations that were shaped in pedagogic, education and physical education manner, also as a parenting system for youth in Germany, England, Sweden and Poland. In conclusion, the view is expressed that these relations are still up to date.
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