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K diskusi o spisovné a "standardní" češtině

100%
Adam R.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2007
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vol. 68
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issue 3
184-189
EN
This is a critical assessment of the claims and arguments given in the article by Čermák, Sgall, and Vybíral (2006). Examining individual statements in this article, the present paper finds, among others, that 1) there is not enough evidence in the article for what is said about the history and the present state of language management in the Czech Republic as well as about the treatment of the Czech language in schools; 2) existing norms of language communication are ignored, as are the social and cultural roles of literary Czech; and 3) the article fails to clearly explain its central concept of “standard” language.
2
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Kodifikace adjektiv odvozených od jmen českých obcí zakončených na konsonant + -ky, -ka, -ko

84%
Martinkovičová B.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2021
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vol. 104
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issue 3
153-166
EN
The article discusses the process of codification of oikonyms in the Internet Language Reference Book. It focuses on the use of corpus data, which have not been taken into consideration yet. The example of the adjectives derived from the oikonyms ended by a consonant and the suffix -ky, -ka, or -ko is used to verify the assumption that central onomastic phenomena can be studied on the basis of corpus data well. It is shown that the the present investigation of the frequent adjectives enables more precise statements regarding the distribution of changes in the base of the adjective. The new findings can also be applied to less frequent adjectives.
3
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Instrumentál plurálu - "pádový kámen úrazu“?

84%
Sojka P.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2020
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vol. 103
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issue 1-2
131-143
EN
In 1981, four Czech language scholars published a significant paper entitled “The current state and future prospects of Standard Czech codification” in the journal Slovo a slovesnost. The paper contained, among others, a list of non-standard morphological variants that – according to the authors – could or should be included in the Standard Czech codification. In the meantime, some of these proposals have actually been realized. However, according to the authors’ statement, the non-standard -ma variant in the plural of the instrumental case still retained a certain degree of stylistic markedness, even though it was no longer distinctively non-standard. Today, forty years later, we aim to answer the question of to what extent we can still agree with this statement, particularly in spoken journalism.
4
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Divil se babiččinu důchodu

84%
Hrdlička M.
Bohemistyka
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2017
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issue 3
266-269
EN
We distinguish a lot of dialect variations among the forms of Czech possessive adjectives. Speakers often substitute a mixed declension (paradigm otcův – father´s) for a compound declension (paradigm dobrý – good) in everyday communication. The article brings attention to the fact that in case of a female possessor in the connection with masculine or neuter nouns, sometimes a colloquial ending -ě is used (Divil se babiččině důchodu – He was surprised by his grandmother´s pension) instead of a standard ending -u (Divil se babiččinu důchodu). However, this phenomenon is mentioned only by few Czech grammar books.
CS
Ve formách českých přídavných jmen přivlastňovacích nalézáme řadu nářečních variant. V běžné komunikaci dochází k tomu, že mluvčí často nahrazují smíšené skloňování (vzor otcův) deklinací složenou (vzor dobrý). Článek upozorňuje na skutečnost, že se v dativu singuláru někdy objevuje v případě přivlastňování ženskému posesorovi ve spojení s podstatnými jmény rodu mužského a středního kolokviální koncovka -ě (Divil se babiččině důchodu) namísto spisovné koncovky -u (Divil se babiččinu důchodu). Na tuto skutečnost ale upozorňuje pouze minimum českých gramatik.
5
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Psaní velkých písmen u toponym v češtině: polemický pohled:

84%
Štěpán P.
Acta onomastica
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2020
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vol. 61
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issue 2
417-439
EN
The article points out the most striking problems of the Czech codification of capitalisation in toponyms in which disagreement with onomastic theory is displayed. The first part of the paper focuses on capitalisation in prepositional toponyms, mostly street names. According to the new codification, valid since 1993, in prepositional toponyms the word following the preposition should be always written with a capital letter. This rule has not been respected by some local authorities (including the Prague municipal authority) or by the Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre. The second part, forming the core of the paper, argues against the theory of the so-called generic and proper-name component of a naming unit which is used for explaining the principles of codification of proper names’ capitalisation. According to the author, this theory is in contradiction with onomastic principles. The last (and shortest) part deals with capitalisation in toponyms containing two subsequent adjectives. The character of the paper is polemical; it points at the inconsistency of the current codification of proper names’ capitalisation in Czech, as well as recent treatises on this topic. The aim of the paper is not to provoke an instant and impetuous codification change, but to stimulate a discussion on this topic.
6
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A Fala: sociolingvistická situace a podmínky pro standardizaci

84%
Valeš M.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2016
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vol. 98
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issue 2
218-227
EN
A Fala is a language spoken in three villages on the border of Spain and Portugal. The three villages respectively attest the three varieties of the language: Valverdeñu in Valverde del Fresno, Lagarteiru in Eljas, and Mañegu in San Martín de Trevejo. This article describes the legal status of the language, its exclusion from the public education system, and the sociolinguistic situation in the three villages. The main objective is to discuss issues regarding the orthographic standardization of A Fala. The subtopics include the scope of the standard, the authority to create the standard, and two approaches to standardization: the standard as a model and the standard as general usage. Since there is no prestigious variety of A Fala which could serve as a model, the latter approach to standardization seems to be more feasible than the former. Endeavours to standardize the language should also take into account that A Fala is an independent language and not a dialect of one of the Romance languages.
7
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Kodifikovaná plurálová shoda neuter v nominativu a akuzativu: mizející realita?

84%
Sojka P.
Bohemistyka
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2018
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issue 3
205-218
EN
It can hardly be argued that – for historical reasons – the neuter plural agreement has been one of the weak points of the Standard Czech morphology at least since the 1800s. At least since the early 1980s the only codified form (ta velká města zanikla) has been regarded by many speakers and even by many bohemists as too „bookish” whereas the Colloquial Czech form used in informal style in Bohemia (ty velký města zanikly) has still retained a high degree of colloquiality and the Moravian form (ty velké města zanikly) doesn’t meet with general acceptance in Bohemia (according to sociolinguistic research). This paper aims to answer the question to what extent the codified form of neuter plural agreement is applied in present-day TV interviews. The examined specimen contains 200 recordings of the Interview ČT24 show. The 200 interviewees are celebrities from political and social walks of life.
CS
Z historických příčin je plurálová shoda neuter bezesporu jedním ze slabých míst spisovného českého tvarosloví, a to nejméně od počátku 19. století. Přinejmenším od 80. let 20. století je jediná kodifikovaná varianta (ta velká města zanikla) považována mnohými uživateli jazyka, ale i některými bohemisty za vypjatě knižní. Obecněčeská podoba Ty velký města zanikly si však stále zachovala nespisovný charakter a ani moravská podoba Ty velké města zanikly není přijímána jednoznačně kladně (zejména mluvčími z Čech). Tento příspěvek se snaží odpovědět na otázku, jak silnou pozici mají kodifikované varianty v současných televizních interview. Zjištění vycházejí z analýzy 200 vysílání publicistického pořadu Interview ČT24, jehož hosty jsou osobnosti z politické sféry, jakož i z dalších společenských oblastí.
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Tvaroslovná norma a kodifikační autorita

84%
Sojka P.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2019
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vol. 102
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issue 4
265-276
EN
Since the first edition of the Rules of Czech Orthography in 1902, this reference book has become the official source of both orthographic and morphological codification. However, there are many other widely acknowledged reference books that contradict the Rules in regard to some morphological points. This paper suggests that we should abandon the tradition of considering the Rules to be the cornerstone of Standard Czech morphology by replacing it with a more up-to-date and user-friendly book, namely the Academic Vade Mecum of the Czech Language published in 2014.
9
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Koncept minimální intervence

84%
Cvrček V.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2008
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vol. 69
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issue 4
284-292
EN
The Concept of Minimal Intervention (CMI) is a “methodological bill” concerning linguists and their approach toward the language and its speakers. CMI represents one possible approach to language, implying programmatic character. CMI prerequisites are: 1) There is no reason why linguistics should infringe upon language development through its interventions and thus disqualify speakers for their (natural) linguistic behavior. 2) The language has been evolving into a sensible instrument of communication, needing no assistance from linguists. 3) The arbitrary nature of linguistic means draws on their usage, and involves the ways of using constituents; it is thus not beneficial when linguistics violates, through its interventions, the very fact of this choice taken by the majority. CMI is delimited by the endeavor to minimize linguists’ interventional pressure on language and its speakers; CMI’s goal is to bring the language situation as close to the condition marked by the existence of a spontaneously constituted order of norms which is “only” passively recorded by linguists. Since zero intervention is irreconcilable with the existence of linguistics, it is necessary to deliberately weaken potential linguistic interventions through a pluralism of descriptions which should expressly declare the goals they pursue and which (communicative) functions they favor.
10
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Psaní velkých písmen v názvech svátků a období církevního roku pravoslavné církve

84%
Koutová M.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2011
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vol. 94
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issue 2
71-77
EN
Writing capital letters in the names of holidays and periods of the liturgical year creates problems for many writers, because the codification concerning this matter is relatively insufficient. This fact causes volatility of usage not only in Czech Orthodox texts, but in Czech religious texts in general. This article summarizes the opinions on this topic in the literature and offers some suggestions.
11
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Úzus a norma v redigovaných vs. neredigovaných textech: na příkladu skloňování japonských jmen zakončených na -u

67%
Ceháková M.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2021
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vol. 104
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issue 2
67-79
EN
The inflection of Japanese names such as Masaharu or Čikamacu might prove difficult for some Czech speakers. Grammars of Czech state that Japanese masculine personal names ending with -u should belong to the “pán” declension paradigm and that the final -u should be preserved in all cases. Using the data from the corpus SYN v7 and a corpus of websites focusing on Japanese comics and cartoons, the presented paper draws a comparison between the usage represented by published written texts, and by texts unaffected by editorial adjustments and produced by speakers who are active users of the names in question. The data from SYN v7 shows a strong preference for preserving the final -u (in accordance with the codification), while the data from websites displays the opposite tendency.
12
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Ach, ty zatracené neutra: realizace shody v plurálu

67%
Cvrček V., Drobil O., Dittrichová A., Arłukowicz A.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2024
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vol. 107
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issue 1
3-20
EN
The current codification of neuter plural agreement in Czech does not fully reflect contemporary usage and has no convincing support in arguments from a functional or communicative perspective. This article presents the results of a corpus analysis focusing on agreement in the noun phrase (nová/é/ý města ‘new towns’) and in the active participle (města byla/y ‘towns were’) with respect to the variability of Czech registers. The analysis of the frequencies of variants in eight different corpora representing various types of written texts, internet communication and spoken registers shows that the occurrence of non-codified forms is influenced by the mode of communication (written vs. spoken), and the degree of formality and spontaneity of the given communication; e.g., in more formal and prepared monologues, non-codified variants are as frequent as the codified ones. Exclusive occurrence of the codified forms can be detected only in those written texts whose authors take considerable account of the codification. The results of the study highlight the need to reconceptualise the language policy of Czech.
13
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Šéry: o rodové nevyhraněnosti a způsobech jejího zkoumání

67%
Dufek O.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2022
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vol. 105
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issue 2
98-105
EN
The article deals with the morphological character of the Czech noun with the first person plural form šéry (‘skerries’). It is based on the observation that standard Czech codification sources contained the word šéry only as an inanimate masculine noun šér, but corpora also show its considerable use as a feminine noun. A corpus analysis is thus carried out in order to find out whether the codification was justified or whether the non-codified variant is frequent enough to suggest that both of the variants are partly normative among the users of standard Czech. The paper shows that in some cases, even when the gender of the word cannot be determined, it can in fact be identified unambiguously on the basis of other occurrences of the word in the same text/source. The paper arrives at the conclusion that both of the variants are part of the standard Czech norm.
14
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Diskuse o normě katalánštiny v kontextu aktuální jazykové situace ve Španělsku

67%
Čermák P., Koťátková A.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2020
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vol. 102
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issue 2
249-265
EN
This article deals with the norm and the standard of the Catalan language in the context of the recent reform of its grammar. We formulate our linguistic analyses and interpretations in relation to historical and geographical backgrounds, paying particular attention to the main varieties of Catalan. In the successive development stages of the linguistic norm, we show how codifiers have faced the challenging task of taking sufficient account of specific dialectal peculiarities in a language that is not backed by a nation-state and is spoken in different countries and regions.
15
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Ke slovu vězenkyně

67%
Beneš M.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2019
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vol. 102
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issue 5
350-354
EN
The paper begins by documenting the surprisingly frequent occurrence of the Czech non-codified form vězenkyně (a variant of the codified form vězeňkyně), showing that the ratio of these two forms in 4,225- billion-word corpus SYN v7 is about 3:1 (ARF = 2.6:1) in favor of the codified form vězeňkyně (Section 1). Given this background, it further addresses the question of why the non-codified form vězenkyně actually occurs and why it is spreading (Section 2), then undertakes the question of (how to determine) its normativity or correctness (Section 3.1) and finally comments on the procedure of its possible codification (Section 3.2). The paper concludes with a sketch of an answer to the question of the correctness of form vězenkyně for language counselling purposes and argues that this currently non-codified form should not be treated as incorrect (Section 4).
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Výslovnost dentálních frikativ v anglicismech a anglických vlastních jménech: kodifikace - norma - úzus

67%
Havlík M.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2020
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vol. 81
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issue 3
195-217
EN
This paper explores the pronunciation of the dental fricatives /θ ð/ in loanwords of English origin (i.e. Anglicisms) as well as in English proper names in Czech. I identify a considerable gap between the recommended and actual pronunciation of the dental fricatives: while alveolar fricatives (/s z/) are recommended in language manuals and textbooks, in actual language use Czech speakers pronounce the dental fricatives predominantly as alveolar stops (/t d/). My hypothesis for this imbalance between recommended and actual pronunciation is that, to date, authors of language manuals and textbooks have failed to take into account both the pronunciation norm of Czech speakers and the original English pronunciation. I make a number of arguments for the replacement of the English phonemes /θ ð/ with the Czech phonemes /t d/ or /f v/, which I consider more suitable than their replacement with the “recommended” /s z/. However, given the lack of reliable guidelines for the pronunciation of the dental fricatives, I observe both significant variability in pronunciation, particularly in the case of recent loanwords such as smoothie and think tank, and a high level of uncertainty among speakers with respect to how Anglicisms containing dental fricatives should be pronounced.
17
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Nad Dolníkovou Teorií spisovného jazyka o konceptuálních a metodologických problémech ve výzkumu jazykových norem a spisovné variety

67%
Dovalil V.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2012
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vol. 73
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issue 2
135-146
EN
This article, drawing upon Juraj Dolník’s book on the theory of standard language with regard to standard Slovak (2010), concentrates on the question of the sources of standard variety and the problem of objectivity of scientific knowledge. Reconsidering Dolník’s concept of norm critically, it places emphasis on the fact that linguistic norms, as a part of social norms, are constituted in interactions, which helps to explain their indexicality. It also argues that language users are actors in social processes who hold specific social roles, which corresponds to their differing power (and vice versa). Referring to Language Management Theory, the article concludes with some more general arguments in favor of qualitative methodology in the research on linguistic norms and the standard variety.
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Spisovnost a její zdroje

67%
Cvrček V.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2006
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vol. 67
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issue 1
46-60
EN
Although “literary language”, i.e. standard language or spisovná čestina, was the central notion of the Prague Linguistic Circle’s Theory of the Cultivation of Language, it has never been defined. This article deals with the problem of definition of “literariness”, a concept which forms the base for the codification criterion of “correspondence with the literary norm”. Several attempts to define it or to provide criteria for “literariness” were made, but, as I explain, none of them were successful in reproducing the codified set of language means. These attempts can be divided into two groups: nominalistic and realistic. The former suggests that literariness (i.e. being a part of literary/standard language) is “a mere label”, a characteristic that is acquired by being codified, the latter supposes that language means are standard or nonstandard (or something in between) depending on their usage. The nominalistic approach appears to be inadequate, as it provides no opportunity for language development. Realistic criteria, however, are either methodologically dubious or highly controversial among Czech linguists.
19
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Conditio sine qua non: východiska a možnosti při hledání konsenzu o jazykové regulaci

67%
Cvrček V.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2012
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vol. 73
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issue 2
103-134
EN
Since the publication of the Concept of Minimal Intervention (Cvrček 2008a, Cvrček 2008b), three critical reactions have been published (Adam 2009, Beneš & Prošek 2011, Homoláč & Mrázková 2011) defending the current language policy (based on the Theory of Language Cultivation). This paper discusses the most important points of their criticism: axiology in the concepts of language regulation, prescriptivism in the Czech language situation and the means of measuring it, the role and nature of current and future codifications, speakers’ attitudes toward language and the validity of their elicitation in linguistic research, the notion of the “literariness” of language, etc. This paper also enriches the original Concept of Minimal Intervention with observations and conclusions based on the experience of making the first non-interventional description of Czech, the Grammar of Contemporary Czech (Cvrček et al. 2010). The paper emphasizes three crucial differences between the Concept of Minimal Intervention and interventional approaches (esp. the Theory of Language Cultivation): preoccupation with literary language in the language regulation in current language policy, the priority of the noetic potential of the discipline over the public demand for language regulation, and the perception of linguists’ activity as an artificial part of the language situation.
20
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Jazyková regulace jako věc dohody

67%
Homoláč J., Mrázková K.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2011
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vol. 72
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issue 3
196-222
EN
This article, a review of Václav Cvrček’s book on language regulation and the Concept of Minimal Intervention (2008), focuses on four main issues. (1) For the most part, Cvrček deals with linguists’ intervention into language. He pays little attention to the intervention of individuals in real interactions. (2) In Cvrček’s opinion, linguists should not present the public with prescriptive codifications, but rather, with descriptive ones. However, there is a more important difference between a reference book, which is presented and/or perceived as an instruction for language behavior, and ahypothetically exhaustive description of a language or its varieties which is neither presented nor perceived as instructive. (3) The authors find the definitions of the concepts of “real” and “declarative” attitudes very problematic. (4) Language norms are wrongly equated with the declarative attitudes of speakers towards their language. However, language norms can be neither inferred solely from usage nor reduced to usage. Rather, they consist of language users’ awareness of the language and its usage, or a set of features of regularly used linguistic means and their combinations. Finally, the authors suggest several specific points which Czech linguists should agree upon before implementing possible regulatory changes into practice.
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