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Španělský subjunktiv a jeho univerzalistický popis: Srovnání kognitivně orientovaných přístupů Rainera Vesterinena a Josého Plácida Ruize Campilla

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Kratochvílová D., Dolníková M.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2022
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vol. 104
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issue 1
113-131
EN
This paper focuses on the two most widely used universalist approaches that attempt to present a unified account of the Spanish subjunctive. Both Vesterinen’s and Ruiz Campillo’s concepts are based on principles of cognitive linguistics and represent two largely contradictory ways to define a unified principle for the use of a particular verbal form: from an abstract principle to usage and from concrete linguistic manifestations to the search for an underlying function. This paper contrasts the two theories and points out their strengths and weaknesses. We conclude that an uncontroversial universalist theory describing all uses of the Spanish subjunctive has not yet been developed in linguistics; rather both theories are a tool to illustrate how complex and difficult it is to analyse the phenomenon of mood choice.
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Španělská modální slovesa z perspektivy R. W. Langackera: otázka konceptualizátora

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Smažíková A.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2023
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vol. 105
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issue 1
74-86
XX
This article presents the problem of modal verbs in Spanish from the perspective of Langacker’s cognitive grammar. Langacker defines modal verbs as grounding elements that can express implicit meanings and thus increase the degree of subjectivity of the utterance. Unlike English modal verbs, which are completely unanchored and fully grammaticalized, Spanish modal verbs exhibit verb inflection. The aim of this article is to compare the construals with and without a modal verb and to point out the differences between the positions of conceptualizers (speaker and addressee). For these purposes several graphical representations are proposed throughout the article. As the proposed schemes show, the position of conceptualizers plays a key role in the conception of any construal. It is concluded that a construal with a modal verb has a more subjectively anchored interaction between the two conceptualizers and that the speaker is always a completely implicit part of the utterance.
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Finská a česká slovesa pohybu ve vzájemném kontrastu

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Hebedová P.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2021
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vol. 103
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issue 1
88-105
EN
In the article I compare expressions of translational motion in Finnish texts and their Czech translation. The semantic analysis of verbs of motion is based on Talmy (2001, 2003) and I establish which components of a motion event (path, direction, goal, figure, manner) are essential when expressing motion events in the two languages and by what means they can be expressed. I also compare the results of my analysis with Talmyan typology of satellite-framed and verb-framed languages. I conclude that in Finnish many frequent motion verbs express aspects of path together with adverbial expressions, whereas in Czech verbs express manner more often than in Finnish. Finnish and Czech also use differing anchorings of the direction of motion — in Czech the direction is anchored with respect to explicitly mentioned surroundings; in Finnish deictic motion verbs are in frequent use and also several means of anchoring may be used in one clause (for example by a deictic motion verb and an adverbial or by several adverbials).
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Percepce multimodálního vyjádření aspektuálnosti v češtině: experimentální studie

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Jehlička J.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2023
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vol. 106
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issue 1
47-71
EN
This study addresses the role of co-speech gestures in the construal of aspectuality. A behavioral experiment was conducted with speakers of Czech to investigate patterns observed in a preceding multimodal corpus-based study focusing on gesture and aspectuality. In particular, the experiment was designed to explore the perceived association between the emphasized ending of a hand movement (or absence thereof) and the grammatical aspect (and the lexical-semantic properties) of the predicate accompanied by the gesture. Combining various approaches in its design (motion capture, lexical ratings, corpus data), the experiment revealed a strong association between the perfective aspect and end-marking in gestures, while the link between the imperfective and gestures without a marked ending was weaker. The results of the experiment are in line with tendencies observed for other languages, indicating that the gestural marking of boundary is prominent in multimodal construals of events. Besides, specific multimodal patterns (combinations of finer-grained lexical-semantic features and formal parameters of gestures) also occur, as reflected in the data. This study provides the first experimental data on the perception of multimodal expressions in Czech.
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Co lze „vyčíst z ruky” aneb somatické frazémy v proměnách času

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PACOVSKÁ J., ŠKODOVÁ S., LÁBUS V.
Bohemistyka
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2017
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issue 2
103-114
EN
The paper deals with somatic idioms based on Czech lexeme ruka (hand). For the analysis a collocation v rukou (i.e. in hands) was chosen. Analyzed data come especially from Czech Radio news 1977 and 1997 (from a demo version of the platform being developed for automatic transcription and sophisticated access to historical audio archive of the Czech Radio), and from the Czech National Corpora. The analysis should demonstrate a ratio between basic and figurative meaning of the chosen collocation, its semantic profiles, and should reveal potential ideological implicit meaning.
CS
Příspěvek se zabývá tzv. somatickými frazémy, jež jsou založeny na bázovém lexému ruka. Pro potřeby tohoto příspěvku bylo analyzováno užití jednoho konkrétního spojení, a to v rukou. Jazykový materiál pro excerpci poskytl archiv mluvených pořadů Českého rozhlasu, konkrétně zpravodajské pořady Rozhlasové noviny z roku 1977 a Ozvěny dne z roku 1997; pro porovnání byla využita i data z Českého národního korpusu z týchž let. Cílem je postihnout poměr doslovného a metaforického užití vybrané vazby, kvalitativně analyzovat sémantické profily, v nichž se vyskytuje, a identifikovat případný ideologický podtext.
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To be or not to be? Or — to not be? Dochází ke změně v postavení anglické záporky not a infinitivního to?

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Sláma J.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2021
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vol. 103
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issue 1
60-73
XX
The paper notes that while grammars and other linguistic works assume that not precedes the infinitive marker to in English, one can quite often encounter the reverse ordering, to not. The second section provides an overview of the relevant literature. The third section compares spoken data from the British National Corpus and the Spoken BNC2014, and analyzes the written data from the Corpus of Historical American English, concluding that the frequency of to not (relative to not to) has indeed been rising significantly in recent decades. The fourth section attempts to identify some factors underlying this change, most importantly chunking and potential semantic differentiation. It is suggested that chunking might be an especially important factor affecting the change, but further analysis is needed, relying on more advanced statistical methods.
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Postavení ambipozic v češtině

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Sláma J., Štěpánková B.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2023
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vol. 84
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issue 2
91-121
EN
The study proposes that some words in Czech, including navzdory ‘despite’ and počínaje ‘starting from,’ should be treated as ambipositions, i.e., adpositions that may either precede or follow their complement. This avoids the awkwardness of the traditional view on which the former, for instance, is a preposition when preceding a complement and a homonymous adverb when following one. Based on 3,234 corpus instances of navzdory ‘despite,’ nevyjímaje ‘including,’ nemluvě o ‘not to mention,’ počínaje ‘starting with,’ konče ‘ending with,’ and počínaje – konče ‘from – to,’ the study examines the factors determining whether ambipositions in Czech precede or follow their complements. Special attention is paid to the length and the syntactic complexity of the complement, but also to the text type and the position of the adpositional phrase in the clause. The study uses the random forests algorithm to gauge the relative importance of the variables for each of the ambipositions examined. The length of the complement is systematically the best predictor of the position of ambipositions: the longer the complement, the more likely the ambiposition is to precede it. This is argued to follow primarily from the limits of the human working memory.
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