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EN
The article presents various ways of ideologization of the Central (Boyko and Lemko regions) and Eastern (Hutsul region) Carpathians in interwar Poland. After the Polish-Ukrainian War (1918–1919), that part of the Carpathian mountain range was situated in the Second Polish Republic. In contrast to the Tatras, which played the role of Polish national landscape, the Carpathians were alien to Poles in terms of ethnicity and culture. Thus, the Polish authorities, as well as touristic and local lore organizations, sought and largely managed to transform these mountains into a domestic landscape, which was no center of national identity but constituted an important spot on the mental map of the Polish national community, recognized as an undeniable part of Polish statehood. The article shows how the exoticization of the Carpathians, state holidays, and the development of state-funded mass tourism resulted in the increased sense of familiarity between Polish lowlanders and highlanders and, consequently, the symbolic inscription of the Carpathians into the Polish domain and common imagination.
EN
When a project for the comprehensive modernization of the Serbian capital Belgrade was conceived in the late 1860s, an altruistic concern for the health of society was a constant element of most discussions devoted to this problem. When the modernization process of the Serbian capital Belgrade was continued in the late 1860s, an altruistic concern for the health of the society was a constant element of most statements devoted to this problem. The health discourse, apart from the aesthetic one, was an element connecting the reflection on the city in Western Europe and Serbia. However, while in the West attempts to heal urban space were supposed to be an antidote to the negative effects of industrialization, in relation to Belgrade these treatments resulted from completely different premises, namely, they were motivated by the legacy of the times of industrial backwardness as a result of Turkish rule. Urban green areas played a special role in the process of modernizing Belgrade. The concern for them in the statements of Serbian architects and town planners of the interwar period, presented as a touchstone of modernity, was in fact included in the mission of strengthening dynastic interests, based on „national forest myth-making”. In the article I present the mechanisms of designing a historical and political filter on nature, which are one of the strategies of including it in the processes of creating and strengthening the ideology of „integral Yugoslavism”, hidden under the slogans of modernizing the capital of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by greening it.
PL
Kiedy pod koniec lat sześćdziesiątych XIX wieku powstał projekt kompleksowej modernizacji stolicy Serbii - Belgradu, stałym elementem większości dyskusji poświęconych temu problemowi była altruistyczna troska o zdrowie społeczeństwa. Dyskurs zdrowotny, oprócz estetycznego był elementem łączącym refleksję nad miastem na Zachodzie Europy i w Serbii. Jednak o ile na Zachodzie próby uzdrowienia przestrzeni miejskiej stanowić miały antidotum na negatywne skutki industrializacji, w odniesieniu do Belgradu zabiegi te wynikały z przesłanek zupełnie innych, motywowane były mianowicie spuścizną po czasach przemysłowego zacofania jako pokłosia panowania tureckiego. Szczególna rola w procesie modernizowania Belgradu przypadła terenom zieleni miejskiej. Troska o nie w wypowiedziach serbskich architektów i urbanistów okresu międzywojennego przedstawiana jako probierz nowoczesności włączona została w istocie w misję umacniania interesów dynastycznych, opartą na „leśnym mitotwórstwie narodowym”. W artykule prezentuję mechanizmy projektowania na przyrodę filtru historycznego i politycznego w celu jej włączenia w procesy stwarzania i umacniania ideologii „integralnego jugoslawizmu”.
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