Search results

1

LABOUR MIGRATION IN UKRAINE: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS

100%

Luchko M., Tereshchuk H.

Problemy Profesjologii

|

2013

|

issue 2

187-192

RU

В статье исследуются вопросы трудовой миграции в Украине как явления рынка труда. Проанализированы экономические, социальные и психологические последствия этого явления. Раскрыты положительные и отрицательные вопросы трудовой миграции украинцев. Поданы предложения уменьшения негативного влияния трудовой миграции на социум страны. Исследованы вопросы возможностей применения зарубежного опыта разрешения кризисных моментов трудовой миграции в Украине.

2

Prospects for Ukraine’s integration into the EU labour market in the context of the Ukraine - EU Association Agreement

80%

Stakanov R.

Torun International Studies

|

2014

|

issue 7

55-61

EN

Upon signature of the Association Agreement Ukraine has gained an opportunity to deepen its integration into the European labour market. Such integration plays an important role given the fact that about half of the labour migration is directed towards the EU and the share of remittances from the EU amounts to over 30% of total revenues from migrant workers. The Agreement stipulates that the EU and Ukraine shall make joint endeavours to tackle the root causes of migration, establish an effective against illegal migration while legally employed workers from Ukraine and the EU shall guaranteed equal rights and the need to expand the number of bilateral agreements on employment between Ukraine and the EU Member States is declared as well. The Agreement provides for separate provisions on temporary presence of natural persons for business purposes that allow for employment of “key personnel” as well as for rendering of commercial services under a simplified procedure of stay in the host country. However, liberalisation of access of migrants from Ukraine applies primarily to skilled migration that generally corresponds to the common trend of implementing the EU immigration policy today. However, the issue of access to the national labour markets of the main part of labour migrants from Ukraine still remains in the domain of bilateral relations between Ukraine and the EU host countries.

3

Immigrants in the Labour Market in Poland

80%

Kisiel R., Mozol M., Maciejewska A.

Olsztyn Economic Journal

|

2015

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vol. 10

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issue 2

115-127

EN

Labour immigrants play an increasingly important role in balancing the situation on labour market in Poland. Given the low demographic growth rate, pessimistic forecasts, mass labour emigration and structural maladjustment of the labour market, Poland faces the huge challenge of preventing a collapse of the pension system and public finance. A solution to the problem could be, for example, an inflow of foreign workers. The character of this paper is both theoretical and practical. The purpose of the article is to analyse the phenomenon of labour immigration in Poland (legal regulations governing employment of foreign workers, scale of immigration) and to present the opinions of employers concerning the employment of foreigners and the obstacles associated with it. The results of surveys conducted among employers in Warmian-Masurian voivodeship will be used for this purpose. According to the respondents, the main advantages of employing immigrants are lower costs (28%) and filling the gaps in the labour market (21%), whereas the biggest obstacle concerns complicated legal regulations (29%).

4

Remittances as a Consequences of Labour Migration of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) Citizens in 2004–2013

80%

Organiściak-Krzykowska A., Machnis-Walasek J.

Olsztyn Economic Journal

|

2016

|

vol. 11

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issue 2

91-102

EN

Migration is a very important socio-economic issue in the contemporary world. One of the interesting research problems worth considering concerns the scale and consequences of migration from the countries which joined the European Union in 2004 and in the later years. As a result of integration with European communities, citizens of the new member states acquired citizenship of the European Union. The right of free movement caused a significant increase in the number of temporary migrants. According to statistical data, the number of emigrants from the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEE) to the more prosperous European countries increased from 1.7 million in 2004 to 5.6 million in 2012. In the context of the scale of economic migration from the CEE, important questions should be asked about the economic consequences of the mobility. The main objective of this article is a diagnosis and evaluation of the size of migration and remittances in the CEE countries. An analysis of the statistical data from Eurostat concerning the transfer of financial means due to working abroad made it possible to assess the economic consequences of labour migrations of the CEE-10 inhabitants. It turned out that, as regards the amount of those transfers, the biggest beneficiaries are Poland, Romania and Hungary. Throughout the period under analysis (2004–2013) Poland saw a joint inflow of EUR 44.8 bn, Romania – EUR 31.9 bn, and Hungary – EUR 15 bn due to their citizens working abroad.

5

Wpływ zagranicznych migracji zarobkowych kobiet ze Śląska Opolskiego na relacje małżeńskie / partnerskie

80%

Rostropowicz-Miśko M.

Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne

|

2015

|

vol. XCV (95)

329-343

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań nad wpływem migracji zarobkowych kobiet ze Śląska Opolskiego na związek małżeński/partnerski. Badania pokazały, że mimo rozłąki migrantki oceniają relacje w swoich związkach jako dobre lub bardzo dobre. Wynika to z faktu, że ich wyjazdy są krótkotrwałe. Dodatkowo utrzymywane są regularne kontakty telefoniczne, a badane także często odwiedzają swoje rodziny. Wyjazd za granicę jest jednak podłożem występowania problemów w związku, wynikających przede wszystkim z nieobecności w domu oraz obciążeniem męża/ partnera dodatkowymi obowiązkami, ale ich oddziaływanie nie jest na tyle silne, żeby zakłócić dobre relacje w związku.

EN

The article presents research results on effects of foreign labour migrations of women from Opole Silesia on marital/partner relations. The conducted research showed that despite separation, the migrants rate relations in their relationships as good or very good. This results mainly from the fact that their stays abroad are of short duration. Additionally, regular telephone contacts are maintained, and the research participants also frequently visit their families. Moving abroad is, however ,the base of conflicts resulting mainly from absence from home and over-burdening husbands/partners with additional responsibilities, but these influences are not strong enough to disrupt good relations in relationships.

6

Labour migration and its impact on Ukraine’s economic development

70%

Hnatkivskyy B.

International Business and Global Economy

|

2015

|

vol. Volume 34

103–111

EN

The author analyses the phenomenon of labour migration in Ukraine and its impact on the country’s economic development. Its positive consequences include more foreign currency flowing into Ukraine due to the remittances from the labour immigrants, as well as opportunities for the working population to improve its financial situation. Among its negative effects are the reduction of the population of Ukraine and the instability of its social security system. Some recommendations to address the issues of labour migration are also provided, which include, i.a., job creation, a reduction of the shadow economy and a continuous analysis of the scale of illegal labour migration from Ukraine.

7

Problemy migracji zarobkowej w Azji Centralnej w ujęciu gospodarczym i społecznym

70%

Włodarczyk M.

Wschodnioznawstwo

|

2018

|

issue 12

215-227

EN

The article handles the problem of labour migration from Central Asia to the Russian Federation. While underlining an importance of discussion about migration in contemporary politics, there are described characteristics of the region and differences between states that constitute it – Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, their various approaches to migration policy and resulting different scales of labour migration and amounts of remittances as GDP share are also presented. Next, there are distinguished push and pull factors concerning those countries (and the Russian Federation) – economic, demographic, cultural and political. The main body of the paper is focused on challenges which labour migration poses both for sending states and Russia such as economic instability, dependence on external prosperity, frauds and exploitation, intolerance and xenophobia and threats for a consistency of families in Central Asia. As a conclusion appears a statement on insufficiency of current Russian legislative solutions and the new ones are proposed.

8

The narratives about home and family among Georgian labour migrant women in Italy

70%

Kobakhidze O.

Lud

|

2019

|

vol. 103

EN

The paper investigates the narratives about family and home among the first generation Georgian labour migrant women in Italy’s Emilia-Romagna province. It examines the narratives by low-skilled Georgian migrant women that work as domestic workers. The fieldwork, carried out in November 2018 and May 2019 in the city of Reggio-Emilia shows that Georgian migrants do often feel alienated from their families that they leave back in Georgia. They feel largely alienated from their Georgian neighbours, relatives, society and nation as well. Georgian migrant women’s narratives show contradictory emotional discourses of attachment and alienation to their families. Based on in-depth interviews with 12 women between 43 to 69 and participant observation, the paper highlights importance of the families. Despite experiencing “lost place” in Georgia, migrant women still aim at returning to their families and “homes” there. They feel to “return” and to perform their roles as wives, daughters, mothers, grandmas, aunts, etc. in Georgia. Considering economic hardships of their families in Georgia, however, they prolong staying in Italy for indefinite amount of time.

9

Sociální integrace imigrantů na rozhraní mezi dočasnou migrací a trvalým usazením

70%

Bernard J., Mikešová R.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2014

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vol. 50

|

issue 4

521-546

EN

The article examines the integration process of Ukrainians and Vietnamese in the Czech Republic. The authors focus on socio-cultural integration, the pre- and post-migration factors integration depends on, and the differences in the integration process of the two communities. Using survey data they show that the integration process of each group follows a different trajectory and depends on different factors. Ukrainians tend to be more integrated than Vietnamese. The primary factor influencing the level of integration of Ukrainian migrants is the length of residence in the Czech Republic. Household composition and the residential preferences of Ukrainians play a secondary role. On average Vietnamese immigrants have resided longer in the Czech Republic, but the increasing length of residence has a much weaker effect on the level of socio-cultural integration of members of this community. The residential preferences of Vietnamese immigrants and especially the age at which they arrived in the Czech Republic are important factors in their integration. Those Vietnamese immigrants who arrived as children are significantly more integrated than those who arrived as adults. These results suggest that the socio-cultural integration of Vietnamese immigrants depends primarily on socialisation in the Czech Republic.

10

The Employment of Foreigners in Poland and the Labour Market Situation

70%

Duszczyk M., Matuszczyk K.

Central and Eastern European Migration Review

|

2018

|

vol. 7

|

issue 2

53-68

EN

Between 2014 and 2016 the number of foreigners on the Polish labour market increased by over 300 per cent. They were mainly Ukrainian citizens taking up seasonal employment on the basis of the so-called ‘simplified system’. According to the literature, such a large increase in labour immigration in a short period of time may be an important factor in the growth of unemployment and the reduction of the employment rate of natives. The main purpose of this text is to show the correlation between the increase in the employment of foreigners in Poland and to determine whether or not this has had an impact on the deterioration of the state of the labour market. For this purpose, data from the Central Statistical Office and the Polish Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy were collected. As a result of our analysis, it was found that the significant increase in the presence of foreigners on the Polish labour market, which the country has faced in recent years, was not correlated with the rise in unemployment, the increase in the rate of economic inactivity and the availability of seasonal jobs. On this basis, we can state that the increase in the supply of foreigners on the Polish labour market, compared to other factors influencing it, was weak enough for the negative effects of the increased employment of foreigners to not occur.

11

The new Italian emigration between necessity and choice: “Cordless workers” in Athens

70%

Moffa G.

Academicus. International Scientific Journal

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2021

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vol. 12

|

issue 23

91-109

EN

Statistics show that the new Italian emigration presents a plurality of directions: alongside the resumption of flows in the direction of the more traditional destinations, there are now migratory currents in the most diverse directions, including areas that are weak or lagging behind Italy. This novelty opens new interesting questions for the sociology of migration. This contribution highlights the necessity to face the study of “mobility” through interpretative approaches capable of grasping the pluralistic material and immaterial “spaces” designed by the new migratory trajectories. Therefore, we explore the South-South direction, which has remained at the margins of research and debate, trying to add a new piece to the increasingly complex picture of the Italian presence abroad. In the first part of the paper we will focus on some theoretical and demographic aspects considered relevant for the study of the new Italian emigration, with the aim of bringing out the complexity of the phenomenon. In the second part, after a brief methodological note, the results of a qualitative research carried out on the new Italian emigration to Athens will be presented in order to grasp its specific aspects.

12

Relative impact of administrative measures on labour migration flows from Central Asia

70%

Kaźmierkiewicz P.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

|

2016

|

issue 41

57-76

XX

Comparative studies show an ambiguous effect of the application of administrative controls on the level of migrant inflows, with the relative impact of the measures weaker than that of long-term economic or cultural factors. The case of Central Asian migration to Kazakhstan and Russia demonstrates the interplay of administrative measures and economic shocks with strategies of migrant groups and individuals. The review of recent surveys, interviews and focus groups with migrants from Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan suggests that changes in the policies of destination countries have a limited impact on their own plans. The long-term determinants, such as the support provided by diasporas and the fundamental economic pull and push factors mitigate the effects of sanctions or facilitating measures.

13

Migracje zarobkowe kobiet jako czynnikograniczający potencjał demografi czny Śląska Opolskiego w świetle badań własnych

70%

Rostropowicz-Miśko M.

Problemy Polityki Społecznej. Studia i Dyskusje

|

2014

|

issue 27(4)/2014

147-158

PL

Zagraniczne migracje zarobkowe ze Śląska Opolskiego to proces o wieloletniej tradycji charakteryzujący się stałym wzrostem. Emigrują przede wszystkim osoby młode, w tym coraz więcej kobiet, co ma istotny wpływ na pogarszającą się sytuację demograficzną regionu, między innymi wyludnienie, ujemny i malejący przyrost naturalny. Badania przeprowadzono wśród emigrantek zarobkowych ze Śląska Opolskiego mieszkających w gminach o wieloletnich tradycjach migracyjnych. Objęły one kobiety niebędące w stałych związkach. Celem badań było ustalenie wpływu wyjazdów zagranicznych na ich plany matrymonialne i prokreacyjne, co jest niezwykle istotne w kontekście sytuacji demograficznej Śląska Opolskiego. Z badań wynika, że młode emigrantki nie planują w najbliższej przyszłości zakładania rodziny, a podstawowe warunki powrotu to: wyższe zarobki w kraju, możliwości sfinansowania kupna mieszkania oraz większa pomoc państwa dla rodzin z dziećmi.

14

Labour Mobility of Migrants from CIS Countries in Russia

70%

Mukomel V.

Central and Eastern European Migration Review

|

2013

|

vol. 2

|

issue 2

21-38

EN

Labour migration is discussed here in the context of the transformation of the Russian labour market. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of changes in the labour market and to the way these changes affect the structure of employment for migrant workers, their inclusion in local labour markets, and the prevalence of illegal and informal employment. Of central importance is the analysis of migrants’ vertical occupational mobility. It is concluded that the education, qualifications, and professional knowledge of migrants are not in demand in the Russian labour market; the typical path of migrants in the labour market is downward labour mobility – occupying a position that is worse than the one they previously held in their home country. Upward labour mobility is extremely rare and characteristic almost exclusively of unskilled workers.

15

Migracja zarobkowa – problem społeczny czy Indywidualny? Propozycja analizy porównawczej

61%

Bochno I.

Rocznik Lubuski

|

2013

|

vol. 39

|

issue 1

115-125

EN

In the article I emphasise significant disagreement in the assessment of the labour migration phenomenon. My objective is to justify the need for comparative analysis of the different perspectives (highlighted and outlined here) on the problem related mainly to the young generation of Poles. In public discourse migration is defined both as a social problem and an individual problem of people who decide to leave the country. The preliminary analysis of available sources indicates that the first of emphasized opinions is formulated mainly by social researchers and in the media discourse. While the latter one occurs mostly in the statements of the authorities. The paper consists of four parts. In the first one I reconstruct the position of those who recognize labour migration as a social problem. In the next part I show the examples of such recognition in press releases. In the third part I present the standpoint of those who see the migration as an individual problem. Considering that the differences between the positions outlined in the paper deserve the attention of a social researcher, in the final part I formulate the proposal to take a systematic and in-depth analysis of highlighted views and their consequences.

PL

W artykule zwracam uwagę na istotne rozbieżności stanowisk w ocenie zjawiska migracji zarobkowej. Jego celem jest uzasadnienie potrzeby podjęcia analizy porównawczej wyróżnionych i zarysowanych tutaj odmiennych spojrzeń na problem dotyczący głównie młodego pokolenia Polaków. W dyskursie publicznym migracja jest definiowana zarówno jako problem społeczny jak i indywidualny problem osób, które podejmują decyzję o opuszczeniu kraju. Wstępna analiza dostępnych źródeł wskazuje na to, że pierwsze z wyróżnionych stanowisk jest formułowane głównie przez badaczy społecznych oraz w dyskursie medialnym. Natomiast drugie pojawia się przeważnie w wypowiedziach przedstawicieli władz państwowych. Niniejszy artykuł składa się z czterech części. W pierwszej z nich rekonstruuję stanowisko zwolenników ujmowania migracji zarobkowej jako problemu społecznego. W drugiej pokazuję przykłady ujmowania analizowanego zjawiska w taki właśnie sposób w publikacjach prasowych. W trzeciej przedstawiam punkt widzenia zwolenników ujmowania migracji jako problemu indywidualnego. Uznając, że rozbieżności między zarysowanymi stanowiskami zasługują na uwagę badacza społecznego, w końcowej części opracowania formułuję propozycję podjęcia systematycznych i pogłębionych analiz wyróżnionych stanowisk i ich konsekwencji.

16

Personal characteristics of remitting Ukrainian migrants in the Czech Republic

61%

Glazar O., Strielkowski W.

International Economics Letters

|

2013

|

vol. 2

|

issue 3

11-23

EN

This paper focuses on Ukrainian remitting migrants in the Czech Republic. Empirical evidence from two unique survey questionnaires carried out in Western Ukraine in 2010 and 2011 was used to test our hypotheses. The households in the 2010 survey were selected using the snowballing sampling in order to rule out remitting migrants residing in countries, other than the Czech Republic. The households for the 2011 survey were selected by randomly choosing parishes and primary schools in Zakarpat’ye district of Western Ukraine. Both remittance-receiving households and households without remittances were included in both surveys. The analysis of the data obtained with the help of both surveys helped us to build a profile of a typical Ukrainian migrant who is sending remittances. The paper’s outcomes contribute to the research literature on migration and remittances and bring some novel insights of migrations in Central and Eastern Europe.

17

Polscy górnicy w Estonii w latach 1937–1939

61%

Grzybowski J.

Zapiski Historyczne

|

2022

|

vol. 87

|

issue 3

101-122

EN

The purpose of the publication is to present the fate of Polish miners in Estonia between 1937 and 1939. Until now, this topic has only been hinted at by some Polish historians while doing other research. This article is based on Polish and Estonian documents which are kept in the Central Archives of Modern Records in Warsaw and the National Archives of Estonia in Tallinn, respectively. This allowed the Polish and Estonian viewpoints on the subject to be compared. Taking into account the state of research on the discussed topic, the article presents such issues as the genesis, course and consequences of the emigration of Polish miners to Estonia. The analysis of Polish and Estonian documents indicates that the main reason for labour migration from Poland to Estonia was material deprivation, which went hand in hand with access to the foreign labour market. Lack of work opportunities and poverty in Poland forced miners to seek work abroad. At the same time, economic changes in Estonia during the interwar period led to the emergence of new industries in the country, the most important of which was the fuel industry. Estonia needed foreign miners to work in shale mines. Poland was the only country that supplied Estonia with miners, as the budding Estonian oil industry was unable to meet the demands for skilled professionals from Western Europe.

18

Bezpieczeństwo na rynku pracy jako perspektywa teoretyczna w badaniach nad migracjami zarobkowymi

61%

Matuszczyk K., Duszczyk M.

Problemy Polityki Społecznej. Studia i Dyskusje

|

2018

|

issue 43(4)

25-42

PL

Celem artykułu jest wyjaśnienie istoty bezpieczeństwa na rynku pracy z perspektywy migracji zarobkowych. Autorzy próbują odpowiedzieć na pytanie, czy kwestie związane z subiektywnym wymiarem bezpieczeństwa na rynku pracy wpływają na decyzję o emigracji lub pozostaniu w danym kraju. W pierwszej części tekstu omówiono koncepcję bezpieczeń-stwa na rynku pracy, która nie doczekała się dotychczas jednoznacznego sprecyzowania na gruncie polskich rozważań teoretycznych. Zwrócono szczególną uwagę na elementy składające się na szerokie rozumienie bezpieczeństwa na rynku pracy, czyli bezpieczeństwo pracy, bezpieczeństwo zatrudnienia, bezpieczeństwo dochodu i tak zwane bezpieczeństwo łączone. Następnie zaprezentowano najczęściej wykorzystywane sposoby pomiaru poszcze-gólnych komponentów tworzących bezpieczeństwo na rynku pracy. W trzeciej części doko-nano przeglądu dotychczasowych studiów migracyjnych, które ukazują rolę konkretnych aspektów związanych z bezpieczeństwem pracowniczym w doświadczeniach migrantów zarobkowych. Opierając się na dostępnej literaturze przedmiotu, autorzy zaproponowali dualny sposób ujmowania bezpieczeństwa na rynku pracy, które może być zapewnione zarówno poprzez gwarancje obejmujące między innymi stabilizację utrzymania miejsca pracy, jak również poprzez elastyczność związaną z możliwością szybkiego znalezienia zatrudnienia czy przekwalifikowania się.

EN

The aim of the article is to explain the essence of labour market security from the perspective of labor migration. The authors try to answer the question whether issues related to the subjective dimension of labour market security influence the decision on emigration or staying in a particular country. The first part of the text discusses the concept of labour market security, which has not yet been clearly specified on the basis of Polish theoretical considerations. Particular attention has been paid to the elements that make up a broad understanding of labour market security, namely job security, employment security, income security and so-called combination security. The next part presents the most frequently used methods of measuring individual elements that make up the labour market security. The third part includes a review of current migration studies that show the role of elements related to labour market security in the experiences of labour migrants. Based on a broad review of the literature, the authors propose a dual method of capturing labour market security, which can be guaranteed through guarantees covering, among others, stabilizing the maintenance of the workplace, as well as through flexibility related to the possibility of quickly finding employment or retraining.

19

MIGRANCI ZAROBKOWI Z UKRAINY U MAŁYCH I ŚREDNICH PRZEDSIĘBIORCÓW W POLSCE

61%

Klimek D.

Kwartalnik Naukowy Uczelni Vistula

|

2017

|

issue 1(51)

252-264

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących zatrudniania migrantów z Ukrainy na stanowiskach robotniczych u mikro-, małych, średnich i dużych przedsiębiorców w Polsce. Badania zakończone przez autora w 2012 roku (częściowo zaktualizowane w latach 2014 i 2015r.) prowadzone były u 516 polskich przedsiębiorców zatrudniających migrantów z Ukrainy na terenie całego kraju. Podstawowym źródłem badań (operat losowy) było ponad 3 tys. adresów osób fizycznych i prawnych uzyskanych z urzędów wojewódzkich oraz z miejskich i powiatowych urzędów pracy, które otrzymały dla migrantów zezwolenia na pracę lub zarejestrowały oświadczenia o zamiarze zatrudnienia migrantów. W trakcie badań zastosowano metodę ilościową (technika wywiadu telefonicznego z użyciem skategoryzowanego kwestionariusza) oraz metodę jakościową (technika wywiadu swobodnego). Prezentowane w artykule oceny przedsiębiorców związane są z różnymi aspektami pracy migrantów. W szczególności dotyczą one: przyczyn i charakteru zatrudniania migrantów, elastyczności pracy, wydajności, jakości i dyscypliny pracy migrantów, a także ich wpływu na koszty pracy i poziom przychodów ze sprzedaży u przedsiębiorców.

EN

In his article, the author presented findings of the surveys on employment of migrants from Ukraine as blue-collar workers at micro, small, mediumsized, and large enterprises in Poland. The surveys completed by the author in 2012 (partly updated in 2014 and 2015) were carried out at 516 Polish entrepreneurs employing migrants from Ukraine across the country. The basic source of surveys (random sampling) was more than 3,000 addresses of natural and legal persons, obtained from provincial as well as from urban and district labour offices, that had received for migrants work permits or registered declarations of the intent to hire migrants. In the course of surveys, there was applied the quantitative method (the technique of telephone interview with the use of a categorised questionnaire) and the qualitative method (the free interview technique).The presented in the article evaluations of entrepreneurs are connected with various aspects of migrants’ work. In particular, they concern the reasons and nature of migrants’ hiring, work flexibility, migrants’ labour productivity, quality, and discipline as well as their impact on the labour costs and the level of sales revenues for entrepreneurs.

20

Non-EU immigrants in the Polish labour market

61%

KAŁUŻA-KOPIAS D.

Economic and Environmental Studies

|

2018

|

vol. 18

|

issue 2

641-651

EN

In many European countries faced with the population aging problem, immigrant labour is gaining importance as a factor contributing to the development of the labour market. One of these countries is Poland, where the proportion of the retirement age population is predicted to soon become one of the highest in Europe. Questions therefore arise whether the Polish economy needs immigrants and whether foreign citizens are employed as complementary or substitutive labour. In the last several years, the number of work permits granted to immigrants has been rising fast. The total number of work permits and employers’ declarations of intent to employ a foreign national increased between 2007 and 2017 from 34,000 to almost 234,000. As a result, stronger presence of immigrants in different branches of industry, construction and transport can be observed. This article provides an analysis of the scale of labour immigration to Poland based on the statistics on work permits and registered employers’ declarations of intent to employ a foreign citizen. Keywords: labour migration, immigrants, labour market

PL

W wielu krajach Europy, dotkniętych problemem starzenia się społeczeństw, coraz większe znaczenie dla rozwoju gospodarczego odgrywa imigracja zarobkowa. Problem starzenia się ludności dotyczy również Polski, która w nieodległej przyszłości będzie krajem charakteryzującym się jednym z najwyższych w Europie udziałem w społeczeństwie osób w wieku emerytalnym. Można zadać sobie pytania, czy polska gospodarka potrzebuje imigrantów? oraz czy w przypadku imigrantów na polskim rynku pracy mamy do czynienia ze zjawiskiem komplementarności czy substytucyjności? W ostatnich kilku latach szybko wzrastała liczba udzielonych zezwoleń na pracę imigrantom w Polsce. W 2007 roku łączna liczba zezwoleń na pracę i oświadczeń pracodawców o zamiarze zatrudniania cudzoziemców wynosiła 34 tys., zaś w 2017 roku sięgała już blisko 234 tys. Ponadto, imigranci coraz częściej są zatrudniani w różnych branżach przemysłu, budownictwie oraz transporcie. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest pokazanie skali zjawiska imigracji zarobkowej do Polski. W niniejszym artykule, główne źródło danych stanowią statystyki dotyczące liczby wydawanych zezwoleń na pracę i rejestrowanych oświadczeń o woli zatrudnienia pracownika cudzoziemca.

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