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EN
In this article we consider the method of contrastive analysis of башня (tower in Russian) lexeme, where the Russian language will be the source language, and the Czech and English languages will be the languages of comparison. In the study we will describe the comparison of the data of etymological dictionaries in three languages.The aim of this comparative analysis is discovering similarities and differences in the sub-systems of three languages.The central concept of contrastive linguistics is the notion of interlingual correspondences – units of different languages having similarities in composition of semes. Formally, there are three types of correspondences: linear correspondences, vector correspondences, lacunae. In this article we will consider one of them – fragmentary lacunarity.  
EN
The focal issue of the paper is to analyze the phenomenon of lacunarity on the example of the Polish unit Matka Polka (lit. Polish Mother) and its bilingual lexicographic description. The unit is well grounded in the Polish culture: the myth of Polish Mother whose duty is to educate children to be patriots and, if necessary, to die for their country, developed during the partitions of Poland. This image has undergone changes during the socialist period as well as in the times after the nineties transformation. As a result the unit gained new semantic and stylistic overtones. The lexicographic description of the unit in Polish dictionaries is discussed and confronted with the results of questionnaire research done to determine the definition among native Polish speakers. The respondents (89 Polish students of Polish and English philologies) were asked to explain the meaning of the unit, use it in three sentences as well as indicate and discuss its linguistic (positive, neutral, negative) and cultural connotations. On the basis of the linguo-cultural analysis has been proposed a definition that encompasses not only the meaning given in Polish lexicographic sources, but also the one given by the respondents. The cultural component was also included, so that the prospective user could decode and use the unit properly in various contexts.
EN
The paper discusses the phenomenon of labelling in a translational perspective. The label, defined as a unit whose connotations dominate over its meaning proper, is presented as a linguocultural phenomenon which occurs in the process of communication. Two kinds of equivalence, i.e. systematic and translational, are characterized. The stages of the process of translation of labels are analysed. Attention is also paid to the techniques, which can be applied in the process of translation of a label. The theoretical part is followed with the case study of the word wykształciuchy (‘pseudointellectuals’), in which the excerpts from selected Polish texts containing labels are analysed from the viewpoint of their translation into English.
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