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EN
This article is devoted to the basic theme „The ways of expressing the picture of the world in language”. In modern research, the usage of the expressions “the world image” and “picture of the world” is very urgent and topical. Language is closely connected with thinking, though is not identical with it. Each language has its own way of the expression of surrounding reality which is expressed in general national and specific systems of views for all its speakers. This leads to the formation of the unique national linguistic picture of the world, common for the whole community. The word “forest” occupies an important place in our consciousness; it implements a generic meaning of “nature” and has similar meanings in Russian and Polish linguistic pictures of the world. There exist some meanings of this word in Russian and Polish: a terrain overgrown with trees, a certain living creature, and construction material. Thus the word “forest” has an identical combinability in the related languages.
EN
In the article the linguistic interpretation of lexemes representing concepts “the good” and “the evil” in the language picture of the world in Russian and Kazakh people has been considered, the national and cultural originality of concrete ethnos have been emphasized. In particular, it has been specified that through moral categories, philosophical, cultural and esthetic concepts of a nationatlity cultural originality of people can be revealed. Purpose: identification of the contents and structure of conceptual opposition “the good – the evil” through the system of their verbal representation means in Russian and Kazakh languages including the analysis of the lexical units representing conceptual opposition “the good – the evil” being the major field for the research. Methods: interpretations of the text, observation, comparison, statistical, component analysis, comparative-historical method. Conclusions: in the suggested work the concept of “good” and “evil” have been considered from two poins of view. On the one hand, they have been seen as mental units showing understanding of words by an individual under the conditions of speech activity. The main concept’s function in this aspect is the replacement function which provides saving time and efforts when perceiving a text. The most important features of the concept in this reference are the degree of its completeness, expansion in comparison with the word meaning; degree of the concept components proximity which are staticized in consciousness of different native speakers in one context. On the other hand, the concept has been considered as a block of collective knowledge (concept) of its national specifics and communication with features of the Russian and Kazakh cultures, history and mentality.
EN
The titled „margins” of the Polish as a foreign language textbooks can be the subjects which are less attractive, “worse” or sensitive (for example a poverty, a corruption, taboo), and also which concern the opposition own-foreign showing the second part of this opposition as a “worse”. These last margins should be avoided in the communicative textbooks, as they are based on the idea of an egalitarianism and individualism. However, the examples from the latest Polish as a foreign language textbooks which are presented in this paper prove it is not always successful. It is surely caused by the bias of the Polish nation which considers everything that is different or foreign to be simply the “worse”. It can also be said that the characteristic features of the Polish language are a christianism and xenophobia.
EN
This article is devoted to the linguistic research of journalistic essays devoted to Old Believers published in the newspaper Nizhny Novgorod Diocesan Gazette in 1865-1868. The culture of Old Believers in the middle of the 19th century in the Nizhny Novgorod land was very developed, which is why for several years the newspaper published essays about the history of this movement. The publication formulated its goal as informing and educating the reader, while the target audience of the newspaper was primarily considered to be rural priests. It is interesting that in the pursuit of an objective presentation of historical facts, the newspaper's journalists represent the system of values of dissenters in a peculiar way. The article analyzes the representation of such concepts as "sacrament", "sin" and "crime", and identifies the main value oppositions that express the conflict between the perception of the world by Old Believers and the authors of newspaper essays: "external – internal", "civil – spiritual".
PL
The article deals with the terms of colours as a very important component of language picture of the world. The paper focuses upon the specific features of colour terms on the basis of comparative study of chromatic lexemes.
EN
The article is devoted to some aspects of the impact on the Russian language picture of the world of Polish borrowings as a result of contact between the Russian and Polish peoples.
PL
Artykuł porusza ważny problem teoretyczny współczesnej antropologii języka – stosunek kategorii „językowy obraz świata” do problemu relacji między językiem a kulturą. We współczesnej etnolingwistyce panuje przekonanie, że językowy obraz świata stanowi kontynuację kultury, jest przejawem szczególnej, „kulturowej” wizji świata. Autor przytacza argumenty na rzecz koncepcji, zgodnie z którą semantyka językowa i kulturowo uwarunkowany obraz świata pokrywają się tylko w pewnym stopniu. Pokazano, że istnieją sfery używania języka, w których językowy i kulturowy obrazy świata znajduje się w opozycji do siebie. Argumenty autora są poparte przykładami z języka rosyjskiego i innych języków słowiańskich.
EN
The article touches upon an important theoretical problem of modern anthropology of language, i.e. the connection of the category “language picture of the world” and the problem of relationships between language and culture. In contemporary ethnolinguistics, there is an idea that the language picture of the world is a continuation of culture, a manifestation of a special, “cultural” vision of the world. The author quotes arguments in line with which the language semantics and the culture-conditioned picture of the world coincide only to some extent. It is shown that there are several spheres of language use in which the linguistic and cultural pictures of the world are opposed. The presented arguments are supported by examples from Russian and other Slavic languages.
PL
The article discusses the example of a word-formative nest with the apex of Christ. It analyses the role of word-formation in the formation of the language picture of the world of Ukrainians. The word-formative nest fi xes the word-forming segment of the semantic space of the Christ concept of the sacred conceptual sphere. Despite the fact that the anthroponomies as vertices of word-formation nests do not exhibit derivational productivity in the Ukrainian language, the word-formation nest with the apex of Christ has a branched structure: in the three stages of derivation, 25 derivatives of diff erent parts of the language, created in diff erent ways, have been certifi ed. This is due to the semantics of the vertex word of the nest, the importance of the concept named by it, in the perception of Ukrainians, in their culture of belief. In the linguistic consciousness of Ukrainians, Christ – Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the God-man, the incarnate God, the Savior, the Teacher, the Creator of the new religion. Such a broad semantic spectrum determines the activation of the derivation possibilities of the base word and the verbalization of word-formative means by a number of conceptual components. An analysis of the word-formative nest with the apex of Christ has shown that the word-formative dimension in the language picture of the world of Ukrainians, along with the universal conceptual components inherent in many diverse Christians, also has a number of individual-language derivational means of categorizing the world.
EN
Analyzing co-occurrence of nouns naming emotions of the group «Compassion» with other words as registered in the Ukrainian national linguistic corpus, the author provides the description of these emotions in the world picture of Ukrainian: their outer and inner manifestations, intensity, duration, thermal and quantitative characteristics as well as their assessment. Also, she describes the conceptualization of emotions of the group «Compassion» in Ukrainian language consciousness.
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