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EN
The aim of the article is to provide a reading of Gilles Rozier’s novels in the context of the phenomenon of Jewish postmemory (Hirsch), which in recent literature acquires a new dimension. The texts selected for disscussion exemplify the return to narrative and to the subject in contemporary novel and signal a new approach to postmemory employed by the third generation of survivors, participants of the Jewish revival. In Rozier’s novels, and in texts by other contemporary writers (e.g., Daniel Mendelsohn in the USA or Piotr Paziński in Poland), while the memory of WWII does not disappear, the focus most often falls on the narrative of Jewish life before and after the Holocaust. Postmemory exists in those texts in the form of the transmission of the word, repossession of the language of ancestors, cultural continuity rather than silence and separation, which characterised the output of earlier generations of writers (such as, for example, Georges Perec).
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EN
Hybridity and the linguistic landscapeThis article argues that a linguistic landscape can be considered a hybrid when many languages and scripts simultaneously work within it. Being heterogeneous, urban signage (shop signs, business signs, outdoor advertising etc.) is open to hybridization, particularly in moments of historical and geopolitical transformation and at the intersections of different cultures. Analysing the linguistic landscape of Kiev’s Podil district, conscious, unconscious, explicit, and implicit hybridity are identified and examined. Linguistic hybridity, as an element of cultural hybridity, is closely related to everyday practices associated with work, food, clothes, hygiene, health, leisure, etc. Organic/unconscious and intentional/conscious forms of hybridization occur in linguistic creativity. The article shows that three languages (Ukrainian, Russian, and English), and two scripts (Latin and Cyrillic), participate in the hybridization process, and examples are cited. During the Soviet period, Russian was the dominant language in Ukraine and Kiev. The Soviet authorities reinforced Russian and weakened Ukrainian. The consequences of this colonial policy can be observed today, and one can see these results in the Ukrainian-Russian hybrid city-text. Since the restoration of Ukrainian independence in 1991, Ukraine has transformed from a post-colonial state to a European state, and has become part of a globalized world which uses English as a lingua franca. The effects of this transformation are visible in the linguistic landscape in the form of Ukrainian-Russian-English, Ukrainian-English, and Russian-English hybrid signs. Hybrydyzacja i krajobraz językowyArtykuł dotyczy problemu językowej hybrydyzacji przestrzeni publicznej. Krajobraz językowy współczesnego miasta można uznać za hybrydę, gdy jednocześnie funkcjonuje w nim wiele języków. Ze swej natury oznakowanie miejskie (szyldy sklepowe, znaki handlowe, reklama zewnętrzna itp.) jest otwarte na hybrydyzację, szczególnie w momentach historycznej i geopolitycznej transformacji oraz na skrzyżowaniu różnych kultur. Analiza krajobrazu językowego kijowskiego Podola pokazuje, że istnieje w niej świadoma i nieświadoma, jawna i ukryta hybryda. Hybrydyczność językowa – jako część hybrydowej kultury – jest ściśle związana z codziennymi praktykami związanymi z pracą, nauką, jedzeniem, odzieżą, higieną, zdrowiem, wypoczynkiem i nie tylko. Organiczne/nieświadome i celowe/świadome formy hybrydyzacji przejawiają się w twórczości językowej. Na procesy hybrydyzacji w Kijowie na Podole mają swój udział trzy języki: ukraiński, rosyjski i angielski oraz dwa alfabety: łaciński i cyrylica. Jako dziedzictwo kolonialnej przeszłości w przestrzeni publicznej Podola istnieje segment hybrydowego ukraińsko-rosyjskiego tekstu miejskiego. Od 1991 roku, w wyniku transformacji państwa postkolonialnego w państwo europejskie, Ukraina stała się częścią zglobalizowanego świata, w którym angielski jest używany jako lingua franca. Efekty tej transformacji są widoczne w krajobrazie językowym w postaci znaków hybrydowych ukraińsko-rosyjsko-angielskich, ukraińsko-angielskich i rosyjsko-angielskich.
EN
In the contemporary world, communication goes far beyond the well-known traditional written or spoken forms. For today's digital users, these have become insufficient, as using them, they cannot express their thoughts fully. The youth that has developed its own language, has become more hermetic, but not because it rejects other generations. The reason is the inability of older generations to understand the new ways of communication. Seniors find it challenging to learn how to use new technologies and stay up to date with trends. Although young people are able to understand them, the older generation cannot keep up with the news and stays excluded. The lack of mutual understanding results in weaker bonds. Once again, it is possible to observe ICT as a contemporary key competence essential for an adequate, mutually comprehensible exchange of messages. The best way to connect two generations in this aspect is informal education, especially one focusing on intergenerational activities, which will not only reduce the exclusion of a social group such as seniors but will also let them to develop their critical thinking skills, which in the age of the Internet are crucial. Bringing up both generations in two different 'normalities' does not make any of them inferior but simply different. Investing in education, the desire for self-development and learning about the culture of different generations will not only open people's minds but will also have a positive impact on the development of intergenerational solidarity and mutual understanding.
EN
The reviewed book is the eleventh in the series devoted to the “Culture of the First Polish Republic in dialogue with Europe. Hermeneutics of values”. This series is the aftermath of an interesting research project, whose aim is both to comprehensively present the cultural relations of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with Europe, as well as to recognize the ways and forms of mutual communication of literary, aesthetic, political and religious values. In addition, it aims to present in a broad comparative context the structure of Early Modern culture of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Apart from the introduction, the book contains the dissertations of 11 authors originating from various scientific centers in Poland and abroad (Toruń, Białystok, Vilnius, Venice, Padua, Cracow, Poznań, Rzeszów) and representing different research specialties: philology, history, and history of art. The general and primary goal of the text it is to analyze various aspects of the Ruthenian culture of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, both in its dynamic connection with the Polish-Latin culture and the processes occurring in Eastern European Orthodoxy after the fall of the Byzantine Empire and in connection with the strengthening of the Moscow state. The key issues developed in the volume relate essentially to: values of the Ruthenian culture, some of which coincide or are identical to those recognized by Western-Polish citizens of the Commonwealth, while depend on the centuries old tradition of Eastern-Christian culture.The articles focuses on the values displayed in the Orthodox and Uniate spheres and around the polemics between them, punching with axiological arguments. The most frequently and basic problems that were raised are: determinants of identity, faith (religion), language (languages), social status, origin; the policy of rulers, the problem of ecclesiastical jurisdiction; tradition and change in culture – biblical studies, patristics, liturgy, theology; printing, translations, education; apologetics and polemics, preaching, iconography; a renewal program for the clergy that was to become the vanguard of the renewal of the entire Eastern Church; Bazylian Uniate ( Greek- Catholic) clergy: the idea of cultural integration, education, translation and publishing.
EN
The influence of world globalization processes in the field of computer technologies on different languages has been considered in the article. The methods of replenishing the languages terminology due to the borrowings from the English language and creating computer terms with the help of translation have been shown. The influence of the globalization process on the Ukrainian language has been analyzed. The assessment of the other languages influences especially Russian and English on the Ukrainian language has been given in the article.
PL
Artykuł analizuje wpływ światowych procesów globalizacyjnych w dzie dzinie technologii komputerowych na różne języki. Pokazano metody uzupełniania terminologii komputerowej poprzez zapożyczenia z języka angielskiego i tworzenie owej leksyki za pomocą tłumaczenia. Analizowany jest wpływ procesu globalizacji na język ukraiński. W artykule przedstawiono ocenę wpływu innych języków, zwłaszcza rosyjskiego i angielskiego na język ukraiński.
UK
Artykuł analizuje wpływ światowych procesów globalizacyjnych w dzie dzinie technologii komputerowych na różne języki. Pokazano metody uzupełniania terminologii komputerowej poprzez zapożyczenia z języka angielskiego i tworzenie owej leksyki za pomocą tłumaczenia. Analizowany jest wpływ procesu globalizacji na język ukraiński. W artykule przedstawiono ocenę wpływu innych języków, zwłaszcza rosyjskiego i angielskiego na język ukraiński.
EN
The aim of the article is to show the development of Völkerpsychologie and its influence on pedagogy. Völkerpsychologie is a branch of psychology founded by Moritz Lazarus and Heymann Steinthal. They coined the term “Völkerpsychologie” (psychology of nations or national psychology) which is also known as “ethnic psychology”. This direction of psychology is connected with the person of Wilhelm Wundt which adapted many of the ideas of Lazarus and Steinthal and shaped them into his own theory. W. Wundt and his ideas influenced many of his pupils from countries like Great Britain and USA.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie psychologii ludów (Völkerpsychologie) – dyscypliny naukowej stworzonej przez Moritza Lazarusa i Heymanna Steinthala, a następnie rozwiniętej przez Wilhelma Wundta, który zaadoptował wiele z ich koncepcji do swoich potrzeb. W. Wundt poświęcił sporo wysiłku prezentacji materiałów dotyczących mitów, obyczajów, magii, prawa, języków i kultury. W kręgu oddziaływania psychologii ludów znalazło się wielu znanych naukowców – m.in. ze Stanów Zjednoczonych i Wielkiej Brytanii. Wywarła ona wpływ na szereg dyscyplin naukowych, w tym także na pedagogikę.
EN
Spreewald Forest. (On) The Smallest Slavonic People – The Sorbs and Wends Upper and Lower Lusatia with mountains in the Southern border region with the Czech Republic (Bohemia) and the natural and cultural water landscapes of the Spreewald Forest are the native lands of the Slavonic Sorbs and Wends with a unique history, language, and culture. The ancestor of the Sorbs and Wends came here in the 6th century, and both peoples are closely related to their Western Slavonic brethren, the Czechs and Poles. In their complicated history they had to experience persecution, assimilation, and displacement, language prohibition, deportation, and even extermination included. In their home regions the Sorbs have the right to speak Sorabian/Wendish today, in public, at school, and at court as well. The increasing industrialization provokes more and more calls and activities for the preservation of the unique scenery, and language and culture of the Sorbian minority. The maintenance of the rich culture, customs and traditions of the Sorbs and Wends was and is still an important aspect for their future existence, and self-preservation. They are kept alive in many regions, across language and cultural barriers. General knowledge on this ethnic and cultural minority is in Germany often reduced to customs and mere folklore. Although many Sorbs and Wends are Christians today, most of their cultural heritage, customs and legends are of pagan-originated, a challenging, and interesting offer. The rich culture, lively customs and traditions make the bilingual region a unique, interesting, and attractive place for many visitors that can experience a lot in the triangle border region of Saxony, Bohemia, and Silesia. They may follow the ancient trade route Via Regia as well as the holy route Via Sacra connecting the Lusatia region with important historic and cultural destinations in Poland and the Czech Republic. Interested guest may experience traditions alive, for instance they might follow the traces of Krabat, also called the “Wendish Faust” and main character of the most popular Sorabian/Wendish legend coming from this area. Traditions are part of a well-preserved history and cultural heritage, and they are an integrating practice in modern life of this region, and in policy, too.
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