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1
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A dictionary of legal English collocations as an aid for mastering the legal English genre

100%
Mroczyńska K.
Linguistics Beyond and Within
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2020
|
vol. 6
130-141
EN
The article begins with a brief overview of collocations and their features as being central to legal language and, as such, worth studying, especially in view of the fact that legal language studies tend to be mostly interested in terminology rather than phraseology. To bridge this gap, the article offers a tool for legal English learners, i.e. the dictionary of legal English collocations based on judgments of the UK Supreme Court. Our dictionary project is aimed at analysing the corpus we created, using Sketch Engine software, a cutting-edge lexicographic tool which enables the uploading and exploration of users’ own corpora. The project will focus on analysing bipartite legal English collocations appearing in the corpus. The next stage of the project will be the preparation of the final product of our research, i.e. a dictionary of legal English collocations. We believe that such a dictionary will prove a useful aid for mastering the conceptual structure of legal English.
2

Case Briefs in Legal English Classes

100%
Bilová S.
Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric
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2016
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vol. 45
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issue 1
7-20
EN
A case brief can be described as a succinct summary of a case which specifies the facts, procedural history, legal issue(s), court decision and legal reasoning supporting the judgment, even though exact formats may vary. Case briefing is a demanding activity which is required from students during their law studies. The goal is to teach students to focus on the essential parts of the case and to obtain a thorough understanding of the case and the reasoning, which means the students need to employ their analytical and critical thinking skills. The course of English for academic legal purposes (as part of English for specific purposes) can also benefit from implementing case briefs. Students are exposed to useful legal vocabulary while the cases themselves bring real life examples of the law, which can increase students’ interest and motivation. The paper briefly introduces the literature on the methodology of teaching case briefing and on case briefs within the linguistics research and then describes a sample activity on case briefs from legal English classes. My experience shows that it is important to provide students with sufficient scaffolding for completing the task successfully. Even though the students feel they are easily and quickly acquainted with the format and the language used, they encounter problems when preparing particular cases. The activity combines both individual and collaborative work, oral and written outputs and peer reviewing. Case briefing is a valuable learning activity; nevertheless, some students may find it difficult as they need not only language skills, but also general critical thinking skills. The teacher should therefore facilitate their work, help them practice the ability to find relevant information, identify the issue, and comprehend the reasoning behind.
3
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Global challenges and local solutions: A cross-country comparative perspective on teaching legal English

100%
Mroczyńska K., Michta T.
Studia z Teorii Wychowania
|
2023
|
vol. XIV(3 (44))
235-257
EN
The established role of English as a legal lingua franca has led to a growing demand for legal English education, presenting a unique set of challenges. Although these challenges are global, they call for local solutions, tailored to the specific needs of students This article draws on available accounts of teaching legal English at the tertiary level in the UK, the USA, Israel and Poland to offer a cross-country perspective on these challenges and the adopted strategies. The article concludes that legal English students form a highly heterogenous group with varying needs. This state of affairs influences the organization of legal English courses, the materials used, and the responsibilities of teachers.
4

INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIONS FOR LAW STUDENTS: THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNICATIVE AND PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCES

88%
Vyushkina E. G.
Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric
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2013
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vol. 34
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issue 1
189-204
EN
The paper deals with a practical approach to developing of law stu- dents’ communicative and professional competences within a one-term, optional, cross-curricular course. The author, whose principal occupation is teaching Le- gal English, was offered the opportunity to train a team of law students to take part in the national rounds of the International Client Consultation Com- petition. Since then, the author has been involved in coaching teams for law students’ competitions and the author’s three year work has resulted in framing an experimental cross-curricular course “Client Consultation in English”. The background and necessity for the development of the course are outlined in the paper, along with a brief overview of teaching legal skills in Russia and general information about international competitions for law students. The basic ele- ments of the course are described, as well as the methods used by the author for training students’ teams. A similar framework is being used now for creating another cross-curricular course “Legal Negotiations in English”.
5
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Curious Legal Conditionals

88%
Berezowski L.
Research in Language
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2011
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vol. 9
|
issue 1
187-197
EN
The paper examines the use of the modal verb SHALL in the if clauses of conditionals found in legal English. The study traces the history of such usages and compares them to two uses of WILL attested in the same grammatical environment: a temporal use and a nonepistemic modal use. The comparison provides the foundation for examining the use of SHALL in Biblical translations, where this verb has outlived its demise in general English, and both of these sources inform the analysis of SHALL in legal conditionals. Specifically, it is claimed that SHALL is not inherently deontic in legal English but is used as an explicit marker of the authority vested in the author or authors of spoken and written texts. This approach explains why authority conscious drafters can use SHALL in the if clauses of conditionals and in temporal clauses whenever they want to and why the proponents of the plain language movement advocate simply deleting SHALL from legal writing and not replacing it with more popular modals expressing deontic meanings, e.g. HAVE TO, MUST, etc. It is claimed that no such replacements are recommended because there is no deontic meaning to replace and the authority designated by SHALL can be inferred from the context.
6
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Curious Legal Conditionals

88%
Berezowski L.
Research in Language
|
2011
|
vol. 9
|
issue 1
187-197
EN
The paper examines the use of the modal verb SHALL in the if clauses of conditionals found in legal English. The study traces the history of such usages and compares them to two uses of WILL attested in the same grammatical environment: a temporal use and a nonepistemic modal use. The comparison provides the foundation for examining the use of SHALL in Biblical translations, where this verb has outlived its demise in general English, and both of these sources inform the analysis of SHALL in legal conditionals. Specifically, it is claimed that SHALL is not inherently deontic in legal English but is used as an explicit marker of the authority vested in the author or authors of spoken and written texts. This approach explains why authority conscious drafters can use SHALL in the if clauses of conditionals and in temporal clauses whenever they want to and why the proponents of the plain language movement advocate simply deleting SHALL from legal writing and not replacing it with more popular modals expressing deontic meanings, e.g. HAVE TO, MUST, etc. It is claimed that no such replacements are recommended because there is no deontic meaning to replace and the authority designated by SHALL can be inferred from the context.
7

Mediation in Legal English Teaching

88%
Chovancová B.
Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric
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2016
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vol. 45
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issue 1
21-35
EN
Mediation is a language activity that has been unjustly neglected when preparing law students for their future professional careers. When trained in a professional context, students need to develop and improve complex communicative skills. These include not only the traditional language skills such as reading, writing, listening and speaking, but also more advanced skills such as summarizing, providing definitions, changing registers etc. All these are involved in the students’ acquisition of ‘soft skills’ that are particularly important for students of law since much of their future work involves interpersonal lawyer-client interaction. This article argues that mediation is a crucial (though previously underestimated) skill and that law-oriented ESP instruction should provide training aimed at developing this skill. Showing a practical application of this approach, the paper demonstrates that mediation can be successfully integrated in the legal English syllabus and make the learning of legal English more effective.
8

Needs Analysis and Esp Course Design: Self-Perception of Language Needs Among Pre-Service Students

75%
Chovancová B.
Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric
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2014
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vol. 38
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issue 1
43-57
EN
In the context of recent social changes in Central Europe, the article outlines the need for a change in the traditional syllabi for legal English classes. It deals with needs analysis as one of the most important sources of inspiration in syllabus design. First, needs analysis is situated within the methodology of English for Specific Purposes. Then, the rationale for a needs analysis survey among pre-service students in current legal English courses is presented and, finally, the findings are interpreted with respect to the actual target situations that students are likely to encounter after graduation. The article concludes by pointing out that although pre-service students may have vague ideas about the use of English in their future jobs, course instructors should consider their needs and wants because they are crucial for increasing the students’ motivation. Instructors and course designers should, however, obtain information from professionals and former graduates as well because that will enable them to address the actual target situations most effectively.
9
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ADDRESSING THE NEEDS OF LAWYERS IN LEGAL ENGLISH: A COMPARATIVE STUDY IN FOUR EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES

51%
SIEROCKA H., CHOVANCOVÁ B., KORDIĆ L.
Comparative Legilinguistics
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2018
|
vol. 33
57-88
PL
Artykuł stanowi badanie potrzeb lingwistycznych osób wykonujących zawody prawnicze w krajach europejskich, w celu określenia ich poglądów co do ważności i użytkowania przez nich języków obcych oraz pod kątem treści kursów prawniczego języka angielskiego. Analizowane w artykule dane pochodzą z ankiety wypełnionej przez 536 prawników w Polsce, Czechach, Chorwacji i Niemczech. Wskazują one, że respondenci są zgodni w zakresie głównych kwestii, jednakoż istnieją wśród nich pewne różnice poglądowe, które zależą od ich wieku oraz określonych aktywności realizowanych w danym zawodzie prawniczym. W artykule podjęto polemikę nad faktem, iż takie różnice winny być uwzględnione w zakresie nauczania języków specjalistycznych, ponieważ identyfikują określone potrzeby i z tego względu należy je brać pod uwagę w nauczaniu prawniczego języka angielskiego. Autorki sugerują, że wskazania indywidualnej oceny roli języków obcych i preferowanego stylu uczenia się powinny być aplikowane podczas opracowywania programów nauczania i oceny języka specjalistycznego, a szczególnie języka prawniczego angielskiego, kierowanego do prawników.
EN
The paper reports on a survey into the linguistic needs of law professionals in four European countries, with the aim of identifying their views on the importance and their use of foreign language skills as well as their preferences for ELP course content. The data, obtained from a questionnaire survey of 536 legal professionals from Poland, the Czech Republic, Croatia and Germany, show that while the respondents agree on many of the major points, there are also some differences conditioned by the respondents’ age and the specific tasks they perform in the legal profession. The article argues that these variables have to be taken into consideration in the LSP context because they determine some of the specific needs that need to be addressed in Legal English instruction. It is suggested that the findings about the lawyers’ self-perceived importance and preferred styles of learning are highly relevant for LSP practitioners, particularly when designing Legal English programmes and testing materials.
10
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PLAIN LANGUAGE SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF LEGALESE - A CASE STUDY OF WILLS

51%
BOLESZCZUK E.
Comparative Legilinguistics
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2011
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vol. 5
67-84
PL
Angielski język prawniczy znany jest ze swojej nieczytelności i wysokiego stopnia skomplikowania, które sprawiają, że jest on praktycznie niezrozumiały dla zwykłego czytelnika. Odpowiedzią na problemy związane z angielskim żargonem prawniczym jest ruch plain English, zmierzający do uproszczenia języka dokumentów oraz języka prawa. Pomimo iż poświęca się dużo uwagi problemowi precyzyjnego formułowania dokumentów wciąż brak jest jednolitych zasad, co stanowi jeden z czynników spowalniających reformę. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza porównawcza dwóch rodzajów angielskiego dyskursu prawniczego: tradycyjnego żargonu (legalese) oraz nowoczesnego, uproszczonego języka prawniczego (plain English). Materiałem badawczym jest zestaw sześciu brytyjskich testamentów, z których trzy napisano w legalese, a pozostałe trzy w plain English. Analiza skupia się na poszczególnych aspektach dokumentów, takich jak: układ i organizacja tekstu, stosowane struktury gramatyczne i terminologia. Badanie wykazuje, że testamenty napisane w plain English charakteryzują się dużo większą czytelnością niż ich tradycyjne odpowiedniki; dokumenty te są lepiej sformatowane, stosowane w nich struktury gramatyczne są prostsze i bardziej przystępne; a terminologia - bardziej precyzyjna i nowoczesna. Jednakże stosowane strategie upraszczania języka dokumentów wciąż wymagają ulepszenia i ujednolicenia.
EN
Legal English is well-known for its complexity which makes it incomprehensible for lay readers. The answer to the problem of legalese is the plain English movement, aiming at simplification of the language of documents. Despite the fact that the rules for clearer drafting have been extensively discussed, there are still no uniform standards, which is one of the factors that delay the pace of reform. Some types of documents, e.g. wills, are especially resistant to the reform. The aim of this paper is to present a comparative analysis of legalese and plain English on the example of one type of texts. The material comprises a set of 6 British wills: 3 written in traditional style and3 inplain English. The analysis takes into account both macrostructure and microstructure of wills, including design and layout, grammatical structures and lexicon. The analysis reveals that plain language wills are much more readable than their legalese counterparts, as they use better organization, more accessible grammatical structures, and less ambiguous and less archaic terminology. It is argued that it is worthwhile to work on the enhancement of the existing plain language strategies and solutions, so as to develop and popularize plain legal English.
11
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THE WEB AS CORPUS AND ONLINE CORPORA FOR LEGAL TRANSLATIONS

38%
GIAMPIERI P.
Comparative Legilinguistics
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2018
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vol. 33
35-56
PL
Język prawny i prawniczy cechuje się dokładnością i żargonowością a jego struktury nie są intuicyjne. Na to nakłada się określony system prawny, który sprawia, że język prawny i prawniczy jest w każdym kraju inny. Tak osoby uczące się drugiego języka (L2) jak i naukowcy mogą uznać język prawny za trudny do zrozumienia, tymczasem tłumacze mogą uważać, że jest on skomplikowany i zawiły, jak i jego przekład. Tymczasem literatura przedmiotu wskazuje, że remedium na te problemy może być sieć użytkowana jako korpus oraz korpusy on-line. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest weryfikacja tego, czy komercyjne przeglądarki internetowe, narzędzia konkordancji, korpusy specjalistyczne on-line mogą być przydatne w rozwiazywaniu problemów wynikających z natury języka prawnego i prawniczego. W szczególności badaniu poddaje się przeszukiwanie zaawansowane w przeglądarce Google i narzędzia konkordancji sieciowej Leeds i specjalistyczne korpusy on-line: COCA. W ten sposób wskazuje się sposób wykorzystania powyższych narzędzi sieciowych oraz ich działanie w sytuacji, gdy wykorzystywane są jednocześnie jako narzędzia do analizy krzyżowej.
IT
Il linguaggio giuridico è caratterizzato da un gergo pedante ed arcaico. Gli studiosi di una lingua straniera, i traduttori ed i professionisti che si approcciano al linguaggio giuridico in lingua straniera, devono tenere presente non solo le peculiarità tecnico-linguistiche, ma anche quelle legate al sistema giuridico di riferimento. Il presente articolo si pone l'obiettivo di mostrare come il Web, considerato come un corpus, può fornire risposte in ambito linguistico e giuridico. In particolare, analizzerà la sintassi di ricerca in Google, il Leeds ed il corpus online COCA. In tal modo si evidenzierà come, usati congiuntamente, questi strumenti possono fornire risposte attendibili in ambito giuridico.
EN
Legal language is hallmarked by a pedantic and user-unfriendly jargon whose constructs are all but intuitive, not to mention the legal system specificity which makes it unique in every country. Second language (L2) learners or scholars, hence, may find it difficult to understand the language of the law; whereas translators may consider legal lexical phrases and patterns rather intricate to deal with. The literature claims that a practical way to deepen language knowledge can be found in the Web considered as corpus and in online corpora. This paper is aimed at exploring whether commercial search engines, Web concordancers and online specialised corpora can tackle the issues revolving around legal language. In particular, it will investigate whether Google advanced search and the Leeds Web concordancer  can be used to meet the requirements of legal language learners, scholars and translators. Furthermore, it will address legal language queries (and results) in an online specialised corpus: the COCA. This paper will provide instances of the soundness of the above-mentioned online resources, especially when used jointly as cross-analysis tools. The shortcomings of one can, in fact, be compensated for by the other(s).
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