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Natura, kultura i hybrydy. Prawne konstrukcje transseksualizmu i sprawy o ustalenie płci

100%
Dębińska M.
Lud
|
2013
|
vol. 97
221-244
EN
This paper is an attempt to analyse the history and the working practice of the legal sex reassignment procedure in Poland within the frames of Bruno Latour's concept of “modern constitution” as explained in his works. Legal sex reassignment procedure is used by transsexual persons who want to live in their perceived gender and allows them to undergo sex reassignment surgery, which otherwise is considered illegal due to the current interpretation of §155 of Polish Criminal Code, which forbids medical procedures that permanently rid individuals of the ability to procreate, even with their consent. In order to obtain court permission for sex reassignment in their documents, transsexual individuals are required to sue their parents in the court of law. I am analysing the current legal practice and its history using Latour's concepts of purification and mediation between the categories of nature and culture. I attempt to uncover the conceptualisations of the biological and the social which underlie legal solutions to transsexuality, and to reveal the different uses of these categories in legal theory and legal practice.
2
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Konceptualizace právní jinakosti v azylovém dokazování: od formální k antropologické interpretaci neobvyklých právních autorit

86%
Ledvinka T.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2023
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vol. 59
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issue 4
441-465
EN
This article presents an analytical study of several asylum cases on which Czech courts issued rulings between 2007 and 2022. It focuses on exposing the ways in which asylum authorities/courts conceptually treat legal otherness on the basis of incomplete information in the practical context of asylum proceedings. It demonstrates how the judgments of Czech asylum courts deal with the legal differences of countries of origin in evidentiary interpretations of documents, such as transcripts of asylum interviews or country-of-origin information (COI), by reconstructing the conceptual frameworks in which the alterity of the origin countries’ state legal systems and customary law is embedded. It identifies particular evidentiary concepts that do not easily fit into the standard ontology of formal asylum law. In particular, Czech court rulings tend to conceptually frame unconventional legal authorities (like elders, traditional councils) as cultural entities, non-state actors, or private persons, which paradoxically disqualifies them from the ontological possibility of posing (or preventing) a threat to refugees by operating an (in)effective legal system. The article discusses the possibility of applying an alternative of legal-anthropological conceptualisation of unconventional legal authorities, focusing specifically on Afghanistan, Jordan, and Yemen.
3
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The Impact of Intercultural Legal Discourse upon Anglo-American versus Navajo Criminal Legal Theory

86%
Brewer J.
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2022
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vol. 10
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issue 2
11-22
EN
Despite the desire for clarity, legal discourse is often unclear, leading to controversial interpretation. Moreover, the cultural dimension of legal discourse is rarely addressed, despite its importance in the interpretation of laws. This study examines the impact of legal culture on how legal principles are perceived and executed. Disparities emerge from long-standing cultural norms that influence the meaning of fundamental legal terminology. These legal phrases and concepts defy straightforward English understanding. Examples include the Latin word mens rea, which underpins both criminal and penal theory in Anglo-American law. Another example is the Navajo term hózhó from which all conceptualizations of social order emanate. Through an examination of conflict of laws as to U.S. federal courts and tribal law, this study aims to highlight the impact that legal culture has on the way legal concepts are understood and implemented. This case reveals an overlooked intimate relationship between law and culture.
4

Wpływ antropologii na naukę prawa

72%
Daniel K.
Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne
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2019
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vol. 28
287-296
PL
Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia wpływ antropologii na naukę prawa, która jest dyscypliną podlegającą stałym przemianom. Zdefiniowane zostały kluczowe takie pojęcia, jak: nauka, szkoła naukowa, antropologia. Przedstawiono ewolucję powstania antropologii oraz jej kształtowanie się w Polsce w ciągu lat. W tym celu powołano się na trzy najważniejsze nurty uprawiania antropologii, a mianowicie szkoły lwowską, krakowską i paryską. Antropologia jest powiązana z wieloma dziedzinami nauki, a od lat czterdziestych–pięćdziesiątych zaczęto również łączyć ją z prawem. Co prawda antropologia prawna jest stosunkowo nową dyscypliną, lecz nie należy bagatelizować jej znaczenia w nauce prawa.
EN
This article concerns the influence of anthropology on the science of law, which is a discipline subject to constant change. Key terms such as: science, science school, anthropology have been defined. The evolution of the formation of anthropology and its formation in Poland over the years has been presented. To this end, the three most important trends of practicing anthropology were referred to, namely the Lviv, Krakow and Paris schools. Anthropology is associated with many fields of science, and from the 1940s and 1950s it was also connected with the law. Although legal anthropology is a relatively new discipline, one should not underestimate its importance in learning the law.
5
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Právo a antropologie  : distinkce, jež neskomírá

72%
Ledvinka T.
Český lid: etnologický časopis (Český lid: Ethnological journal)
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2020
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vol. 107
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issue 1
3-21
EN
Anthropological and legal literatures often claim that the anthropology of law is a boundary discipline between social anthropology and legal studies. From this point of view, a sharp divide between law and culture is an indispensable prerequisite for any smooth interdisciplinary collaboration between social anthropologists and legal scholars as well as for combining ethnographic data with legal analyses. This paper, on the other hand, suggests that such joint efforts require a more sophisticated understanding of the mutual relationships between these disciplines and points to their entangled disciplinary beginnings. The social sciences, and social anthropology in particular, established their reflexive empirical methodologies and analytical systems by continually transcending the spatial and temporal boundaries of Western (legal) orthodoxy. Hence, the anthropology of law is seen as a distinctive scientific field, which views the law as an issue of the Other and whose definite theoretical and methodological attitudes are incompatible with both the ethnocentrism of conventional jurisprudence and the understanding of the Otherness in non-legal anthropology
CS
Antropologická i právní literatura často uvádí, že antropologie práva je hraniční disciplínou mezi antropologií a právem (resp. právní vědou). Jasná a jednoznačná dělící příčka je z tohoto hlediska fundamentálním předpokladem pro neproblematickou interdisciplinární spolupráci sociálních antropologů a právních vědců a pro kombinaci etnografických dat s právními analýzami. Tento článek naproti tomu připomíná, že z hlediska historického vývoje vědy je vztah sociální antropologie a západní právní ontologie, jež je vtělena do právních věd, docela jiný. Sociální vědy, a sociální antropologie zvláště, se historicky etablovaly jako reflexivní empirické obory soustavným překračováním prostorových a temporálních limitů západní právní ontologie, přičemž antropologie práva a její předchůdce, historickoprávní škola, sehrály v tomto procesu klíčovou roli. Antropologie práva jako svébytné vědecké zaměření, jež chápe právo jako problém druhého, je sourodé s antropologií a sociálními vědami, avšak nesourodé s právními vědami, byť i v nich má své historické počátky. Její specifické postavení je tak samo připomínkou historicky vzniklé nesourodosti zdánlivě příbuzných normativních a sociálních věd.
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