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EN
In the review article, we critically comment on the book “State” in Early Confucian Philosophy („Państwo” we wczesnej filozofii konfucjańskiej, 2010) written by Józef Pawłowski. After a brief recapitulation of main theses of the book (1), we show advantages and disadvantages of philological methodology used in the book (2). There are many controversial theses in the book. Our critique concerns two areas: theses dealing with theory of early Chinese state (3) and theses concerning history of legal thought in Confucianism (4). In our opinion, the title of the book is inadequate. It should read: “The Concept of State in Early Works of Confucianism”. Such a title would emphasize philological aspect of the book, which contains many original analyzes that will be helpful in further Polish-Chinese legal studies. The book, however, lacks elements of legal theory and sociology, and its philosophical background is limited.
EN
Although auditing is considered an important field of legal studies, no separate methodological approach has been developed for it so far. In his article, the author supports the idea of distinguishing a new branch of law (audit law) and a new discipline of legal studies (audit studies). This distinction is justified by the substantial increase in the complexity of social relations and legal regulations since first such proposals appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In fact, the ever-growing interest of jurisprudence in studying audit suggests that identification is already taking place. However, although auditing is considered a distinct field of legal studies, so far it has not been thoroughly examined from a theoretical perspective. Therefore, the author proposes a formal identification of audit law, audit studies and audit theory to stimulate a discussion on the whole audit system and audit lawfulness. A pivotal role in this breakthrough is played by the Supreme Audit Office which for years has been fostering audit studies.
EN
Academic autonomy as institutional and individual self-determination in the sphere of education and scientific research faces a wide range of challenges, caused by the fundamental changes in the life of contemporary society. Both primary and secondary schools are expected to provide knowledge and training, necessary for human development, respecting the choices of students and their parents. High expectations for the quality of curriculum and the impact of science are prescribed by modern standards of the human economy, unifying the global world. Such expectations are often reflected in legislation, policies, and regulations imposed in reaction to activities of different pressure groups, blaming teachers, scholars, and universities for the lack of sufficient integrity and capacity to satisfy public demand. Measures to defend academic autonomy (particularly in legal studies) are proposed, such as socialization and popularization of education and science, public discussion of knowledge policies, interdisciplinary research and training targeted at solving practical problems of public interest, and strengthening critical thinking with a deeper usage of mathematical methods
PL
Autonomia akademicka jako instytucjonalne i indywidualne samostanowienie w sferze edukacji i badań naukowych stoi przed szerokim zakresem wyzwań, wywołanych przez fundamentalne zmiany w życiu współczesnego społeczeństwa. Zarówno szkoły podstawowe, jak i średnie powinny zapewniać wiedzę i szkolenia niezbędne dla rozwoju człowieka, szanujące wybory uczniów i ich rodziców. Wysokie oczekiwania dotyczące jakości programu nauczania i wpływu nauki są określone przez nowoczesne standardy ludzkiej gospodarki, jednocząc świat globalny. Takie oczekiwania są często odzwierciedlone w prawodawstwie, polityce i przepisach wprowadzanych w reakcji na działania różnych grup nacisku, obwinianie nauczycieli, naukowców i uniwersytetów za brak wystarczającej uczciwości i zdolności do zaspokojenia popytu publicznego. Proponuje się środki mające na celu obronę autonomii akademickiej (w szczególności w badaniach prawnych), takie jak socjalizacja i popularyzacja edukacji i nauki, publiczne dyskusje na temat polityki wiedzy, interdyscyplinarne badania i szkolenia ukierunkowane na rozwiązywanie praktycznych problemów związanych z interesem publicznym oraz wzmacnianie krytycznego myślenia za pomocą głębszego wykorzystania metod matematycznych.
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