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EN
The aim of the paper is to compare the sets of hyponyms of place in Polish and American wordnets. Polish “Słowosieć” and American WordNet are thesauri which define the meaning of an individual lexeme by the lexical-semantic relations existing between this and other lexemes. The researched material consists of several thousand of synsets (sets of lexemes referring to a common concept) which have been linked by interlingual, lexical-semantic relations to the synsets of English lexemes in a process of mapping of a fragment of the Polish wordnet to the American database. An analysis of particular cases illustrates the basic issues concerning the procedure of mapping, first of all the problem of choosing a foreign synonym for the original word. It also shows the incompatibility of the corresponding fragments of the Polish and English lexical systems, which is usually not reflected in dictionaries and other glottodidactical publications. Differences between the structures of semantic trees of the two languages result partly from different assumptions made by the authors of both wordnets, and partly from language-specific factors, such as different word-formation systems or different ways in which some objects from the real world are conceptualized.
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EN
The paper discusses combinations of words which, due to their ambivalent grammatical status, are suspended on the borderline between lexis and syntax. The considerations aim to expose the ineffectiveness of the identification procedures of lexical units in the process of unambiguous interpretation of such objects as ktoś jest pod presją czasu ‘someone is under time pressure’ or rozebrać na czynniki pierwsze ‘to thoroughly disassemble’. In the course of the discussion, a set of phrases selected from lexicographic works is first contrasted with the formal characteristics that are ascribed in the definitions to indivisible units (p. 2.1.), and then with semantic features (p. 2.2.). The essential goal of these operations is to demonstrate the practical difficulties that arise when one attempts to assign the analyzed strings to the appropriate set.
EN
The article deals with the problem of the registering the unit of language based on the shape góra. The author adopts the concept of the unit of language as proposed by Andrzej Bogusławski (c.f. Bogusławski 1976) and she tries to find units of language containing the sequence góra. A number of Polish units of language were identified as a result of the analyses conducted. The author distinguishes three homony mous units of language in the form of góra czegoś, as well as units taking shape góra and góry.
EN
The paper presents the results of the analysis of the following lexical units with the word wystarczy: cośa wystarczyło, żeby p; cośa wsytarczyło do tego, żeby p; cośa wystarczyło komuśn do czegośb; wystarczyło, że q, a p. On the basis of the analysis of their valency and the conducted tests, the author states that all these lexical items imply that an event/a state of affairs caused another event/state of affairs and that someone, basing on their knowledge about the world, could think that this would not have happened. Further research has proven that two of those lexical units - cośa wystarczyło komuśn do czegośb, and cośa wystarczyło do tego, żeby p - imply, moreover, that an event/a state of affairs, caused by another event/state of affaits, was somehow desired. It has also turned out that the speaker using cośa wystarczyło komuśn do czegośb or wystarczyło, że q, a p, informs that the resultant event/state of affairs occurred right after the causative event/state of affairs.
EN
The aim of the article is to distinguish lexical units which are represented by the form of dojrzeć. Dictionaries of contemporary Polish language describe dojrzeć as polysemous unit. The author argues with these descriptions and attempts to define the number of syntactic positions of the analyzed units containing the form dojrzeć, as well as their selectional restrictions. As a result, three lexical units of the following form are distinguished: [ktoś] dojrzał do [czegoś], [ktoś] dojrzał, [coś] dojrzało.
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Poszczególne wśród operatorów kwantyfikacji

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EN
The paper presents a syntactic and semantic analysis of a Polish lexical unit poszczególne ‘individual’. It contains a description of the limits of its use, and a proposition of representation of its meaning. Moreover, it justifies the hypothesis that the meaning of poszczególne implies the notions of multitude, ordering, and openness of the set, and that the unit is one of the operators of distributive quantification.
EN
The article is devoted to the problems of bilingualism in the modern society. Bilingualism is characteristic of all the citizens of Kazakhstan. The main feature of bilingualism in our country is the quite wide application of the Russian language in all spheres of life. The changing language situation leads to the fact that a large number of Kazakh words are included into the Russian language, and assimilated by it to a varying degree. The author has analyzed the cases of the use of Kazakh lexical units in Russian texts.
PL
Prezentowany tekst dotyczy wpływu zmian opisów składniowych na oceny normatywne. W sposób szczególny rozważa on miejsce norm językowych we współczesnych modelach syntaktycznych, podejmując zwłaszcza problem wpływu kształtu jednostek języka na procedury oceny poprawności takich wyrażeń. Dodatkowo zwraca się uwagę na zbiór jednostek nienotowanych wcześniej przez słowniki i opracowania normatywne, uwzględniając m.in. wyrażenia lokujące się ponad płaszczyzną zdania oraz wskazując na ich szczególne właściwości łączliwościowe.
EN
The present text concerns the influence that changes of syntactic description exert on normative decisions. In particular, it discusses the place of language rules in modern syntactic models, undertaking especially the problem of the relationship between the shape of the lexical units and the procedures for assessing their correctness. Additionally, the article draws attention to a collection of lexical units unattested in earlier dictionaries and normative studies. The study includes, among others, expressions located above the surface of a sentence and points to their special collocational properties.
EN
The author of the article attempts to prove that the registration of lexical units may not be a simple task. Therefore, it is very important is to make thorough analyses of explored expressions. The author adopts the concept unit of language proposed by Andrzej Bogusławski (cf. Bogusławski 1976) and she registers a few Polish units of language including the phrase światło, namely: w świetle dnia, światło górne, światło świeci się, światło pali się, światło dochodzi gdzieś.
EN
Technical Features of the Architecture of an Electronic Trilingual DictionaryThis article is devoted to the development of the software system used to create an English-Russian-Ukrainian terminological dictionary. Scanned and recognized documents in MSWord format were the input data for the dictionary. Issues which appeared during the parsing of the input data are analyzed and solutions using regular expressions are identified. This article also describes the scheme of the dictionary’s lexicographical database, and its classes of models, views and view models.In addition, a detailed description of the software system from a user’s perspective is included, the prospects for the usage of the dictionary are discussed, and the methods used during the development of the system are described.The software system is built using the design pattern Model-View-View-Model. Through the use of this pattern, internal logic is separated from user interface, thus changes made in different parts of the software may be independent. The developed software system allows users to edit, to fill, and thus to create new thematic transferable electronic dictionaries. The main advantage of the system is the equality of languages, i.e. each user can decide which language is to be major. Opracowanie oprogramowania trzyjęzycznego słownika elektronicznegoArtykuł jest poświęcony opracowaniu oprogramowania rosyjsko-ukraińsko-angielskiego słownika terminologicznego. Za wejściowe dane autorzy przyjęli zeskanowane i rozpoznane dokumenty w formacie MSWord. Błędy powstałe w czasie analizy składniowej wejściowych danych zostały przeanalizowane, a autorzy wskazali drogę ich likwidacji za pomocą regularnych wyrażeń.W pracy została dokładnie opisana baza leksykograficzna danych słownika, zostały opisane klasy modelu danych i klasy modelu prezentacji systemu. Oprogramowanie jest zbudowane w taki sposób, aby można było wykorzystać szablon projektowania Model-View-ViewModel. Dzięki wykorzystaniu tego szablonu interfejs użytkowania jest oddzielony od logiki programu, co pozwala wprowadzać niezależne zmiany poszczególnych części oprogramowania.Sporządzone oprogramowanie pozwala na redagowanie, uzupełnienie i tym samym tworzenie nowych tematycznych słowników przekładowych. Zaletą systemu jest równorzędność języków. Autorzy nakreślili zarówno sposoby wykorzystania samego słownika, jak i metody jego budowania.
PL
Celem artykułu jest wstępna charakterystyka własności funkcjonalno-składniowych wyrażenia jeden w kontekstach takich, jak zasygnalizowany w tytule. W szerszej perspektywie artykuł wpisuje się w nurt badań nad własnościami językowymi jednostek języka (w rozumieniu Andrzeja Bogusławskiego) jako budulcem wypowiedzeń. Przeprowadzona analiza pozwala scharakteryzować jeden jako wyrażenie nienależące do przedmiotowego poziomu języka, otwierające miejsce dla nazw osób, obligatoryjnie postpozycyjne wobec rzeczowników, z którymi się łączy. W strukturze tematyczno rematycznej analizowane jeden nie może być rematem (zajmuje zwykle miejsce komentarza rematu). Opisywane wyrażenie ma charakter ekspresywny, przesądza też o (negatywnym) wartościowaniu.
EN
The main objective of the analysis is to preliminarily characterize the syntactic-functional features of the string jeden (‘one’) in occurrences to the one given in the title. In a broader perspective, the paper can be treated as a part of the studies on description of language units (in the sense of Andrzej Bogusławski) as the main building material of utterances. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the described unit does not belong to the objective level of language and it is used with nouns referring to people, taking a postposition relative to those nouns. The unit can not function as a rheme in a thematic-rhematic structure. (It is primarily a rhematic comment.) Jeden is an expressive unit and it determines the (negative) evaluation.
EN
The predominant goal of this article is to perform a semantic analysis of the phrase (somethingx impelled somebody to do somethingy). The initial part of the text in question is oriented towards distinguishing lexical items incorporating the verb skłonić. They are as follows: cośx skłoniło kogoś do czegośy, ktośx skłonił kogośy, żeby_, ktośx skłonił kogośy czymśa do czegośb and ktoś skłania się ku czemuś. Then, the meaning of one of them is discussed in detail, namely – cośx skłoniło kogoś do czegośy. The aforementioned considerations are proceeded by the attempt of the author to define the examined sequences.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza semantyczna wyrażenia cośx skłoniło kogoś do czegośy. Na początku tekstu zostały wyodrębnione jednostki leksykalne z czasownikiem skłonić: cośx skłoniło kogoś do czegośy, ktośx skłonił kogośy, żeby_, ktośx skłonił kogośy czymśa do czegośb oraz ktoś skłania się ku czemuś. Następnie przeanalizowano znaczenie jednej z nich – cośx skłoniło kogoś do czegośy. Rozważania zostały podsumowane próbą zdefiniowania badanych ciągów.
EN
The aim of the paper is to compare the sets of hyponyms of place in Polish and American wordnets. Polish “Słowosieć” and American WordNet are thesauri which define the meaning of an individual lexeme by the lexical-semantic relations existing between this and other lexemes. The researched material consists of several thousand of synsets (sets of lexemes referring to a common concept) which have been linked by interlingual, lexical-semantic relations to the synsets of English lexemes in a process of mapping of a fragment of the Polish wordnet to the American database. An analysis of particular cases illustrates the basic issues concerning the procedure of mapping, first of all the problem of choosing a foreign synonym for the original word. It also shows the incompatibility of the corresponding fragments of the Polish and English lexical systems, which is usually not reflected in dictionaries and other glottodidactical publications. Differences between the structures of semantic trees of the two languages result partly from different assumptions made by the authors of both wordnets, and partly from language-specific factors, such as different word-formation systems or different ways in which some objects from the real world are conceptualized.
EN
In this paper I discuss similarities and differences between a potential new model of language development - lexical selection, and its biological equivalent - natural selection. Based on Dawkins' (1976) concept of the meme I discuss two units of language and explore their potential to be seen as linguistic replicators. The central discussion revolves around two key parts - the units that could potentially play the role of replicators in a lexical selection system and a visual representation of the model proposed. draw on work by Hoey (2005), Wray (2008) and Sinclair (1996, 1998) for the theoretical basis; Croft (2000) is highlighted as a similar framework. Finally brief examples are taken from the free online corpora provided by the corpus analysis tool Sketch Engine (Kilgarriff, Rychly, Smrz and Tugwell 2004) to ground the discussion in real world communicative situations. The examples highlight the point that different situational contexts will allow for different units to flourish based on the local social and linguistic environment. The paper also shows how a close look at the specific context and strings available to a language user at any given moment has potential to illuminate different aspects of language when compared with a more abstract approach.
EN
In this paper a concept of lexical need is introduced and its application in research of cognitive aspects of translation is discussed. Further discussion elaborates mechanisms of development of translator’s lexical space in the course of translation. Authors discuss the importance and special nature of low-frequency lexical units and difficulties encountered when studying their usage and suggest that the lexical need concept help these studies. Lexical need analysis can be also used to learn specifics of translator’s lexical space and then to take measures for selection of translators and improvement of their skills.
EN
The paper contains a syntactic and semantic analysis of lexical units with elements o mał- and omal, e.x. o mało co; o mały włos, a; o mały figiel; omal nie; omalże. These lexemes open some positions for various classes of parts of speech, mostly for verbs. They also are metapredicative operators. The tested units have a common semantic component ‘it was close to something to happen’.
PL
Artykuł zawiera analizę składniowo-semantyczną jednostek leksykalnych z ciągami o mał- oraz omal, np. o mało co; o mały włos, a; o mały figiel; omal nie; omalże. Wyrażenia te otwierają miejsca walencyjne dla różnych klas części mowy, najczęściej łączą się z czasownikami. Należą do klasy operatorów metapredykatywnych. Badane jednostki mają wspólny komponent semantyczny ‘niewiele brakowało do tego, aby stało się to, o czym mowa’.
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