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EN
Objective: The aim of the paper is to assess changes in nutritional status of a selected group of children from urban and rural environment in Upper Silesia in the intervening 5 years. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted twice - in 2003 and during the school year 2008/2009, and involved children from the town of Bytom and from the village Boronów. To assess the nutritional status, the following measurements were used - weight, height and thickness of subcutaneous fold. Body Mass Index (BMI) was also calculated. The results obtained were referred to the appropriate percentile charts. Measurement values, which were located below the 10th percentile or above the 90th percentile were treated as incorrect. Statistical analysis included only those children who participated in the I and II survey. The frequency of the anthropometric measurements and BMI exceeding the accepted limits of norms in both studied environments and between them, 5 years after the previous evaluation, were compared. Results: In both environments, the number of pupils whose body mass exceeded the value of the 90th percentile increased. The number of pupils whose body mass was lower than the 10th percentile also increased in the city, but decreased in the country. Considering BMI, the percentage of children located above the norm increased as well in comparison to the first study. In addition, it was also found that the thickness of subcutaneous skin-fold difference between the studied communities was significant in both the first (p = 0.020) and the second survey (p = 0.015), as well as in each environment, after 5 years since the previous evaluation (Bytom: p = 0.001; Boronów: p = 0.32). Conclusion: In 5 years (2003-2008), the incidence of overweight of pupils increased in both groups. The percentage of pupils who weighed less than 10th percentile increased to a greater extent in urban environment than in rural areas.
EN
The changes taking place in Polish families, both urban and rural, have become an undeniable fact. They are connected with civilization changes, technical progress and European integration. It results in a transformation of the system of values and norms of social coexistence expressed in a change of a model of upbringing in an urban and rural family. On the one hand, the educational effects depend on using certain educational methods and techniques and, on the other hand, on the type of relationship between parents and children. Therefore, the opinions of secondary school pupils and their parents were taken into account while analysing educational means and methods which describe a certain style of upbringing in a family. The earliest contact of a child with values comes within the family. The values become determinants of people’s life choices and aspirations. Moreover, they let an adolescent individual specify valid norms which regulate a realization of needs and a char acter and forms of their co-relations on a level of I – Others (including parents) and I – the World. In other words, they influence a preferred model of upbringing in a mature life. From a research point of view, a system of values preferred by parents is very important because it makes an axiological warp where a new generation grows up and shapes its ideals. It is both parents’ task to transfer and make their children aware of the values which are, in a context of environmental and cultural conditions, treated differently by mothers and fathers. It needs to be emphasized that parents’ definite preferences to the values are crucial not only from a point of view of their children’s future, but also in a context of the established ‘here and now’ direction and a character of educational influences – a style of upbringing.
PL
Niezaprzeczalnym faktem są zmiany zachodzące w polskich rodzinach miejskich i wiejskich. Wiążą się one z cywilizacyjnymi przekształceniami, postępem technicznym, integracją europejską. Ich rezultatem są przeobrażenia systemu wartości i norm współżycia społecznego, które wyrażają się między innymi w zmianie modelu wychowania w rodzinie, tak miejskiej, jak i wiejskiej. Efekty wychowawcze są pokłosiem z jednej strony stosowania określonych metod i technik wychowawczych, a z drugiej zależą od charakteru i typu relacji pomiędzy rodzicami i dziećmi. Dlatego też analizując środki i metody wychowawcze, składające się na określony styl wychowania w rodzinie uwzględniono opinie i preferencje nie tylko gimnazjalistów, ale również ich rodziców. Pierwsze i fundamentalne zetknięcie dziecka z wartościami dokonuje się w rodzinie. Stają się one wyznacznikami życiowych celów i aspiracji. Ponadto, wartości te po zwalają dorastającej jednostce dookreślić obowiązujące normy, regulujące realizację potrzeb oraz charakter i formy wzajemnych relacji na linii Ja – Inni (w tym rodzice) oraz Ja – Świat. Innymi słowy, kształtują one preferowany w dojrzałym życiu model zachowań. Z badawczego punktu widzenia, system wartości preferowanych przez rodziców jest niezwykle ważny, ponieważ to on stanowi osnowę aksjologiczną, na której młode pokolenie wzrasta i kształtuje swoje ideały. Zadaniem obojga rodziców jest zaszczepienie dzieciom, a później młodzieży najważniejszych wartości. Zadanie to jest jednak, w kontekście uwarunkowań środowiskowych i kulturowych, odmiennie traktowane przez matki i ojców. Trzeba podkreślić, że określone preferencje rodziców odnośnie do wartości, są istotne nie tylko z punktu widzenia przyszłości dzieci, ale również w kontekście przyjętego przez nich „tu i teraz” kierunku i charakteru oddziaływań wychowawczych – stylu wychowania.
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