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EN
The aim of the article is to reconstruct modern image (images) of an old woman in two research perspectives: linguistic and psychological. Linguistic analysis, which uses the concept of language representation of world and basic ethno linguistic tools, deals with the way in which senility of women is perceived and expressed in general language. Surveys and psychological tests carried out from the perspective of developmental psychology familiarize the way of self-perception and self-defining by old women. The results of these analysis show that in general Polish language dominates stereotypical, anachronistic and unfavorable portrayal of senior women. However, from the individual perspective, the most important element of the portrayal is individual sense of loss, which appears at the last phase of life; indirectly, the research also confirms social “invisibility” of ageing women.
PL
Celem artykułu jest rekonstrukcja współczesnego wizerunku (wizerunków) starej kobiety w dwóch perspektywach badawczych: językoznawczej i psychologicznej. Analiza lingwistyczna, w której wykorzystuje się koncepcję językowego obrazu świata i podstawowe narzędzia etnolingwistyki, dotyczy tego, jak starość kobiet jest postrzegana i wyrażana na gruncie języka ogólnego. Z kolei badania ankietowe i przy użyciu testów psychologicznych z perspektywy psychologii rozwoju przybliżają sposób postrzegania i określania się przez same stare kobiety. Wyniki tych analiz pokazują, że w polszczyźnie ogólnej dominuje stereotypowy, anachroniczny i bardzo niekorzystny wizerunek seniorek, natomiast z perspektywy jednostkowej najważniejszym elementem portretu jest indywidualne doświadczenie strat, które ujawniają się na ostatnim etapie życia; pośrednio badania poświadczają również „niewidzialność” społeczną starzejących się kobiet.
PL
Artykuł porusza kwestie dotyczące sposobów ujmowania rzeczywistości przez profesjonalnych i nieprofesjonalnych interlokutorów w obszarze zinstytucjonalizowanego dyskursu funkcjonalnego. Przyczynkiem do podjęcia analiz stała się obserwacja dychotomii językowych obrazów świata zawodowych i zwykłych uczestników interakcji. Celem artykułu jest wyodrębnienie i deskrypcja różnic w sposobach postrzegania i opisywania rzeczywistości wśród aktantów dyskursu instytucjonalnego. W wyniku oglądu stosowanych w wypowiedziach jednostek nominatywnych i ciągów werbalnych ustalono, że funkcjonalność komunikacji instytucjonalnej opiera się na transponowaniu pojęć pierwotnych w koncepty wtórne. W procesie transpozycji dochodzi do rekonstrukcji znaczeń i statusów podmiotów i przedmiotów dyskursu. Metodologiczną podstawę podjętych analiz zbudowały założenia pragmatyzmu sprzężone z prakseologicznym paradygmatem sprawnego działania.
EN
The article explores ways of describing reality by professional and non-professional interlocutors within the framework of institutionalized functional discourse. The motivation for analysis was the observation of dichotomies of linguistic representation of the world of professionals and ordinary participants of interaction. The aim of the article was to indicate and characterize the differences in the ways of perceiving and describing reality among participants in institutional discourse. As a result of the analysis of lexical units and verbal sequences used in speech, it has been proven that the functionality of institutional discourse is based on transposing primary concepts into specialized concepts. In the process of transposition, the meanings and statuses of subjects and objects of discourse are reconstructed. The methodological basis for the analysis was the pragmatism and praxeological paradigm of efficient action.
EN
In his novel Matka [Mother], Ignacy Maciejowski creates an image of a traditional Polish family – Magda and Szymon Porębski and their three children: a daughter, Marysia, and two sons, Władek and Antek. The children have a healthy relationship with each other, which is reflected, above all, by mutual caring, support, and compassion. The family relation-ships depicted by the author are not only positive, traditional, appropriate and correct, but also stereotypical. The family ties are nurtured and strengthened at home, which brings together all generations, promotes tradition, soothes a savage breast, and is the centre of a small 19th-century peasant community like the Porębskis. The image of family relationships depicted in the novel Matka [Mother] by Ignacy Maciejowski represents one Polish proverb: Bez rodziny, ni domu niepotrzebnyś nikomu [Without your family or home, you are nobody].
EN
The issues associated with the vision of water in the Slavic languages are prominent. The linguistic perception of water in the Polish language, especially in folk Polish, has been explored from many sides. Also noted is the linguistic representation of water in the Belarusian language. The object of this article is to present the representation of water, fixed in the language, in the light of phraseological and paremiological profiling as applied to Polish and Belarusian dictionary units within the plan of interlingual comparison. The gathered material allows to recognise the fundamental perspectives in the vision of water in the building of its linguistic representation and to distinguish the elementary profiles together with their many specifying facets. The analysis reveals the colloquial description of water as such and – especially – the connections between water and various concepts, particularly the links to the human being. Reflected is the indication where water comes from, specified its amount in particular expressions, provided information about water at a given time and in a given place as well as about its availability. Portrayed is life underwater and on the water. Recorded are the attributes of water and its impact on some objects, the water’s quality of being fit or unfit to drink or harmful, as well as relating water to something else. The value and qualities of water are noted. The presence of water in the functioning of the human being and in the life of animals is recorded. Presented is the demand for water. The reconstruction of the linguistic representation of water performed in comparative terms on Polish and Belarusian phraseological and paremiological material illustrates the prevalent analogies and fairly considerable dissimilarities.
PL
Problematyka oglądu wody w językach słowiańskich jest zauważalna. Wielostronnie przybliżone zostało językowe postrzeganie wody w polszczyźnie, zwłaszcza ludowej. Zaznaczone jest też językowe przedstawienie wody w języku białoruskim. Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie utrwalonego w języku obrazu wody w świetle wyprofilowania frazeologicznego i paremiologicznego na materiale jednostek słownikowych języka polskiego i języka białoruskiego w planie konfrontacji międzyjęzykowej. Zebrany materiał pozwala dostrzec w budowaniu językowego obrazu wody zasadnicze perspektywy jej oglądu i wyróżnić podstawowe profile z wieloma specyfikującymi je fasetami. Analiza ukazuje potoczne opisanie wody jako takiej oraz – w szczególności – powiązań wody z różnorodnymi pojęciami, zwłaszcza związków z człowiekiem. Odzwierciedlone jest wskazanie, skąd się bierze woda, precyzowana jest ilość wody w określonych przejawach, są informacje o wodzie w danym czasie i miejscu oraz o jej dostępności. Odtworzone jest życie w wodzie i nad wodą. Zarejestrowane są atrybuty wody i jej oddziaływanie na niektóre obiekty, zdatność, niezdatność bądź szkodliwość wody, a także odniesienie wody względem czegoś. Odnotowywana jest wartość i walory wody. Utrwalona jest woda w funkcjonowaniu człowieka i życiu zwierząt. Ukazane jest zapotrzebowanie na wodę. Dokonana rekonstrukcja językowego obrazu wody w ujęciu porównawczym na materiale frazeologiczno-paremicznym języka polskiego i języka białoruskiego unaocznia przeważające zbieżności i dość znaczne odmienności.
RU
У славянскіх мовах вобраз вады зарысаваны мовазнаўцамі даволі выразна. Моўная карціна вады ў польскай мове, асабліва ў дыялектах, дачакалася шматбаковага аналізу. Моўнае катэгарызацыя вады ў беларускай мове таксама была прадметам даследавання. Мэтай гэтага артыкула з’яўляецца выяўленне замацаванага ў мове вобразу вады ў святле фразеалагічнага і парэміялагічнага прафілявання (спосабу ўспрымання канкрэтнага суб’екта) на матэрыяле слоўнікавых адзінак польскай і беларускай моў у плане міжмоўнай канфрантацыі. Сабраны матэрыял дазваляе ў мадэлі моўнай карціны вады прасачыць асноўныя перспектывы яе ўспрымання і дапамагае распазнаць асноўныя профілі/ідэалагічныя варыянты са шматлікімі катэгорыямі/прыкметамі, якія іх вызначаюць. Праведзены аналіз выявіў наіўныя веды пра ваду, а таксама ўзаемадачыненні вады з іншымі паняццямі, у першую чаргу з чалавекам. У матэрыяле знайшлі адлюстраванне наступныя характарыстыкі:  адказ на пытанне адкуль бярэцца вада, удакладненне колькасці вады, інфармацыя пра ваду ў гэты час і ў гэтым месцы, а таксама даступнасць да яе. Паказана жыццё ў вадзе і над вадой. Выяўлены атрыбуты вады і яе ўздзеянне на некаторыя аб’екты, прыдатнасць/непрыдатнасць/шкоднасць вады, а таксама супастаўленне вады з нечым іншым. Звернута ўвага на тое, што вада разглядаецца як каштоўнасць. Падкрэслена значэнне вады ў жыцці чалавека і жывёл і, у сувязі з гэтым, адзначана запатрабаванне на ваду. Рэканструкцыя моўнай карціны вады ў параўнальным аспекце на фразеалагічна-парэміялагічным матэрыяле польскай і беларускай моў наглядна паказала, у першую чаргу, пераважную колькасць агульных рыс, але выявіла таксама і даволі істотныя адрозненні паміж даследаванымі мовамі.
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