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EN
In the 19th century, Hungarian and Slovak literature markedly specified and acquired contrasting features. The author states that in the Hungarian literature, especially in prose, Slovaks tend to represent folk types with the prevailing peasant archetype. Hungarians formed the upper class of the society until the establishment of Czechoslovakia in 1918 which also impacted the choice of literary protagonists and environments. The author of this study examines the image of Hungarians in Slovak prose the image of Slovaks in Hungarian prose. Consequently, he has created a typology of characters and environments in an attempt to apply imagology when comparing literary works of Hungarian and Slovak origin.
PL
Beloved woman’s character in Spyridon Cherkasenko’s love lyric This article focuses on the character of a lyrical hero’s beloved woman. The present study analyzes the features of her appearance and character. It reveals the fact that the author presents only some single details of the portrait with the main focus on the woman’s eyes and lips. To expand the portrait, the author compares her beauty with the beauty of nature. We learn that the character of the beloved woman is changeful but, at the same time, strong and attractive for the lyrical hero. A research shows the meaning of a number of associative images in which the girl appears to the loving man. A little less attention is paid to other personifi cated characters who are witnesses and accomplices of the love stories. The author of this article concludes that landscape is not a mere background, but also an important acting character, utterly depending on the lyrical hero’s mood.
EN
The starting point for the author’s reflections in the article is axiology and literary character. The author discusses the significance of literary character in the process of opening teenagers up to axiological considerations. She also draws on some hitherto unpublished results of research conducted among future teachers. While referencing stories from the two volumes of Dark Chocolate (Pol. Gorzka czekolada), the author pays particular attention to the story Master’s Girlfriend (Pol. Dziewczyna mistrza) by Katarzyna Ryrych – its protagonists and how they might stimulate the students to serious axiological ponderings. The article concludes with a handful of insights on the role of axiological education in the class, and the value of students’ encounters with a variety of literary characters.
PL
Autorka artykułu wychodzi od rozważań na temat aksjologii i postaci literackiej. Omawia rolę postaci w otwieraniu nastolatków na rozważania aksjologiczne. Sygnalizuje też wybrane i niepublikowane dotąd rezultaty badań, które przeprowadziła wśród przyszłych nauczycieli. Odwołując się do opowiadań zamieszczonych w dwóch tomach Gorzkiej czekolady, uwagę poświęca Dziewczynie mistrza Katarzyny Ryrych – występującym w niej postaciom i ich znaczeniu dla rozbudzania namysłu uczniów nad ważnymi aksjologicznie sprawami. Całość zamykają refleksje nad edukacją aksjologiczną i wartością lekcyjnych spotkań z postaciami literackimi.
EN
The objective of the presented article consists in the juxtaposition of two depictions of mechanisms of imagination which we use to create averaged images of all sensual experiences. The first of them is Kantian normal idea conducive to the construction of adherent beauty, whereas the second - Santayana’s concept of formation of a generic idea, aesthetic type or an ideal. It is my conviction that both these proposals are convergent, as they refer to the same method of functioning of the imagination, however they differ in certain details, as they are inscribed in nearly entirely opposite aesthetic concepts. However, Santayana’s theory of character creation goes further than Kant’s concept, as it exceeds the averaged image of the normal idea, and, while not being equivalent to Kantian aesthetic idea constituting a certain product of genius, it heads towards the idealisation of representations available to all people. The purpose behind Santayana’s concept proves to be more practical as compared to the solution proposed by Kant. In this depiction, we should recognise a universal mechanism of the imagination in the formation of characters as aesthetic forms, enabling a person to define his/her place and gain knowledge on the human world of attitudes, customs and ordinary behaviours.
EN
In the paper we focus on the educational aspect of Walt Disney's book that is available at the Slovak book market. The attention is given not only to the literary-historical context of its origin and the current perception, but particularly to the educational potential which it could have, despite of its obscure artistic value. The educational dimension of the realization of a disabled literary character of bellman within the primary education will be presented on the chosen W. Disney's book (The Hunchback of Notre-Dame), coming from animated movie from Disney's workshop (and inspired by V. Hugo novel The Hunchback of Notre-Dame).
EN
The aim of the article is to find the answer to the following question: how does literary fiction in German literature present the character of a war reporter who reports on new wars? The article presents an analysis of perception and medium/transfer of war and terror by war reporters. In this article, the scheme of war incidents (events) is presented– transmission, in which there is no place for feelings, emotions, kindliness, humanity, but only the wish to survive, will to fight, victory and financial benefits really matter. One of the main assumptions of this article is an attempt to make the recipient realize that what individuals should do is analyse the information obtained from mass media in their own specific way. The topic of the article is very comprehensive and often raised, because it concerns the present and the future, and war has accompanied, accompanies and will accompany man at every stage of their life. The purpose of the article will also be to present the image of New Wars and terror from the perspective of the reporter and the influence of mass media on the work of the war correspondent, who seeks to blur the fragile border between truth and lies, reality and fiction in relation to German literature. It also important to present the profile of a war reporter in literature, also the specificity of the work of a war correspondent, as well as the impact of technological development on practicing the profession and linking collected facts with the events that have been recorded in the pages of history.
EN
The article proposes to look at the “character” through the humanistically defined categories of games and play and the genological category of characteristics. Since a literary game is a special type of interaction between the creator of a work and its recipients based on curiosity or pleasure, it was assumed that among all the elements of the game with which the author influences the reader's interest, the character plays a key role. Each encounter with a character in the experience of reading changes the "character" of the experiencing person, and such an ambiguous understanding of the noun "character" may signal its use in a substantial sense, close to the shape and, at the same time, the essence of something. This, in turn, gives the opportunity to look at the game with the "character" in Polish lessons as a game with the protean genological shape of the character's characterization. Therefore, four possible formulas, anthropo-cognitive strategies have been proposed - figures of the game with the genre and the hero: 1) Immersion in the character, 2) Trying on the character's costume, 3) A special relationship with the hero, 4) Mirror of oneself. All of these "individual stagings of otherness" are immersed in a category particularly predestined to combine all directions of acquiring "knowledge about oneself and a person" during Polish lessons - empathy, defined by Elżbieta Mikoś as "a special emotional resonance".
PL
Artykuł zawiera propozycję spojrzenia na „postać” poprzez humanistycznie definiowane kategorie gry i zabawy oraz genologiczną kategorię charakterystyki. Skoro gra literacka to szczególny rodzaj interakcji między twórcą dzieła a jego odbiorcami, oparty na ciekawości lub przyjemności, przyjęto założenie, że wśród wszystkich elementów gry, którymi autor oddziałuje na zainteresowanie czytelnika, postać odgrywa rolę kluczową. Każde spotkanie z postacią w doświadczeniu lektury zmienia jednocześnie „postać” doświadczającego, a takie dwuznaczne rozumienie rzeczownika „postać” sygnalizować może użycie go w znaczeniu substancjalnym, zbliżonym do kształtu i zarazem istoty czegoś. To z kolei daje możliwość spojrzenia na grę z „postacią” na godzinach polskiego jako na grę z proteuszowym kształtem genologicznym jej charakterystyki. W związku z tym zaproponowano cztery możliwe formuły, strategie antropopoznawcze – f i g u r y gry z gatunkiem i bohaterem: 1) zanurzenie w postaci, 2) przymierzanie kostiumu postaci, 3) szczególny związek z bohaterem, 4) lustro samego siebie. Wszystkie z tych „jednostkowych inscenizacji inności” zanurzone są w kategorii szczególnie predestynowanej do scalenia wszystkich kierunków zdobywania „wiedzy o sobie i osobie” na godzinach polskiego – empatii, definiowanej przez Elżbietę Mikoś jako „szczególny oddźwięk emocjonalny”.
EN
This study is an attempt to critically evaluate the contribution made by cognitive literary theory to research into literary characters in general and Realist literary characters in particular. Based on cognitive contributions to research into literary characters, it examines the characters in Realist fiction to demonstrate the validity of these contributions due to their detailed research in comparison with traditional concepts that have emerged outside that sphere. This analysis indicates that cognitive approaches are of benefit both in connection with grasping the mental aspects of the subjects of literary communication, i.e. the authors, the readers and their abstract counterparts created for purposes of more detailed analysis of literary works, and in connection with research into the mental functions of Realist literary characters. Nevertheless, the employment of these approaches appears to be limited to a large extent when we focus upon Realist literary characters as complex semantic conglomerates with prominent social dimensions.
EN
The article is devoted to the image of librarian in today’s works of literature: Tracy Chevalier The Virgin Blue, Charline Harris Real Murders, John Irving Until I Find You, Elisabeth Kostova The Historian, Camilla Läckberg The Hidden Child, Camilla Läckberg The Drawning, David Levithan The Mummy, Agnieszka Lingas-Łoniewska Kiedy zniknę (Eng. When I Disappear), Zygmunt Miłoszewski Entanglement, Vicky Myron The Small-Town Library Cat Who Touched The World, Joanna Olczak-Ronikier In the Garden of Memory, Maria Paszyńska The Crazy Star Villa, Teresa Monika Rudzka The Librarians, Sharon Sala Honor’s Promise, Magdalena Trubowicz Zakochani w słowach (Eng. In Love with Words). The analysis of literature sources was performed in terms of the emerging librarian theme as well as the stereotypical perception of this profession. The work also provides the examples of promoting the positive image of the librarian in contemporary literature.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest wizerunkowi bibliotekarza we współczesnych utworach literackich: „Błękitna sukienka” Tracy Chevalier, „Prawdziwe morderstwa” Charline Harris, „Zanim Cię znajdę” Johna Irvinga, „Historyk” Elisabeth Kostovy, „Niemiecki bękart” Camilli Läckberg, „Syrenka” Camilli Läckberg, „Mumia” Davida Levithana, „Kiedy zniknę” Agnieszki Lingas-Łoniewskiej, „Uwikłanie” Zygmunta Miłoszewskiego, „Dewey. Wielki kot w małym mieście” Vicki Myron, „W ogrodzie pamięci” Joanny Olczak-Ronikier, „Willa pod Zwariowaną Gwiazdą” Marii Paszyńskiej, „Bibliotekarki” Teresy Moniki Rudzkiej, „Pożegnalny list” Sharon Sali, „Zakochani w słowach” Magdaleny Trubowicz. Dokonano analizy źródeł literatury pod kątem występowania motywu bibliotekarza oraz jego stereotypowego postrzegania. Przedstawiono także przykłady promowania pozytywnego wizerunku bibliotekarza w literaturze współczesnej.
EN
This article analyses several artistically important Polish 21st-century plays, in which a character has been modelled on the person of Pope John Paul II. The works studied here are Jerzy Pilch’s Narty Ojca Świętego, Paweł Grabowski’s Dotknięci, Michał Walczak’s Człowiek z Bogiem w szafie and Artur Grabowski’s Cnoty zachodniej cywilizacji. This article aims to show not only the way the above-mentioned literary texts present the figure of the Pope, his life and works, but also his influence on the life of ordinary people. By researching John Paul II’s presence in literature, this article helps to contribute to the commemoration of the Pope Saint.
PL
Artykuł stanowi propozycję przeglądu kilku wybranych, artystycznie wartościowych tekstów dramatycznych powstałych w pierwszym dziesięcioleciu XXI wieku, w których pojawia się, w różnych ujęciach, postać wzorowana na wyjątkowej osobie polskiego Papieża: Narty Ojca Świętego Jerzego Pilcha, Dotknięci Piotra Grabowskiego, Człowiek z Bogiem w szafie Michała Walczaka oraz tekstu Artura Grabowskiego Cnoty zachodniej cywilizacji. Zmierza do odpowiedzi na pytanie, jak osobę Jana Pawła II, jego życie i dzieło zapisała przywołana tu literatura, pokazując zarazem utrwalony w przestrzeni literackiej wpływ Ojca Świętego na zwykłego człowieka. Włączając się w nurt badań nad obecnością Jana Pawła II w tekstach literackich, wpisuje się zarazem w potrzebę ocalania pamięci o świętym papieżu.
EN
The article discusses Xenophon’s Anabasis. Its main aim is to present some new research perspectives for Classical Studies. It analyzes such aspects of Xenophon’s opus as author, implied author, narrator, narratee and narrative, as well as literary character and the human context. The article is a sort of introduction to narratological studies, concerning classical narrative texts, which has not so far been thoroughly tested for its inner structure.
EN
The paper is divided into two parts. The introductory part discusses the sociological aspect of the term New Russian, which becomes the starting point of the analysis of a specific type of literary characters.The literary picture of the New Russian has evolved in its long history (reaching the Old Russian folklore) as it did not always use to connote negative characteristics. Nowadays the New Russian is exclusively presented as an anti-character, the typical features of whom are inter alia: the absence of clearly defined identity, the specific attitude to money understood as the source of power, an extremely instrumental approach to other people, and disdain for the broadly understood tradition (including family tradition). In Russian literature this type was at the peak of its popularity at the turn of the millennium and since then it has degraded almost exclusively to mere anecdotal characters in readers’ memory.
PL
Artykuł podzielono na dwie części. W części wstępnej omówiono socjologiczny aspekt pojęcia Nowy Rosjanin, które jest swego rodzaju punktem wyjścia do analizy konkretnego typu bohatera literackiego. Literacki wizerunek wyewoluował na bazie wielowiekowej (od literatury staroruskiej poczynając) tradycji i nie zawsze jego wydźwięk był negatywny. Dziś Nowy Rosjanin występuje wyłącznie jako antybohater, którego głównymi cechami wywoławczymi są między innymi: brak własnej tożsamości, specyficzne podejście do pieniędzy postrzeganych jako źródło władzy, skrajnie przedmiotowy stosunek do drugiego człowieka oraz pogarda dla szeroko rozumianej tradycji (w tym także i rodzinnej). W literaturze rosyjskiej ten typ bohatera cieszył się największą popularnością na przełomie XX i XXI wieku, by potem powoli zejść na margines i pozostać w pamięci czytelników głównie jako bohater dowcipów.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą analizy dwóch wybranych postaci powieściowych: barona Rothsattela z Soll und Haben Gustava Freytaga i Stanisława Wokulskiego z Lalki Bolesława Prusa, uwikłanych w działanie kapitalizmu – jeden we wschodniej części ówczesnych Prus, drugi zaś w warunkach Królestwa Kongresowego. Obie powieści opowiadają o różnicach stanowych, konieczności rezygnacji (przynajmniej częściowej) z dotychczasowego stylu życia, a ich dwaj bohaterowie łączą w sobie cechy szlacheckie i mieszczańskie i – co bardzo ciekawe – w obydwu przypadkach można zastanawiać się nad proporcjami „szlachcica” i „mieszczanina” w ich osobach. Idea analizy postaci literackich pod kątem ich położenia pomiędzy szlachtą a mieszczaństwem została zainspirowana lekturą prac Norberta Eliasa, przede wszystkim zaś jego Die höfische Gesellschaft („Społeczeństwa dworskiego”) .
EN
The article is an attempt to analyze two selected novel characters: baron Rothsattel from Soll und Haben (“Debit and Credit”) by Gustav Freytag and Stanisław Wokulski from Lalka (“The Doll”) by Bolesław Prus, entangled in the workings of capitalism — the one in the eastern part of the then Prussia, and the other in the conditions of the Kingdom of Poland as part of the Russian Empire. Both novels discuss status and class differences, the necessity of resignation (at least partially) from the current lifestyle, as their respective characters combine “gentleman” and “bourgeois” traits and — what is very interesting — in both cases one may wonder about the proportions of a “gentleman” and a “bourgeois” in them. The idea of analyzing literary characters in terms of their position between nobility and bourgeoisie was inspired by reading the works of Norbert Elias, especially Die höfische Gesellschaft (“The Court Society”).
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