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EN
The paper shows the position of allegory in the second half of the 19th century. The author analyses chosen examples of allegorical presentations found in art (e.g. Jan Matejko’s paintings, designs of Adam Mickiewicz monument in Cracow) and positivist literature, as well as critical opinions referring to this phenomenon. The sense of crisis, depletion and inadequacy of allegorical language towards the reality of the epoch, mainly expressed by critics, was attributed to the tendencies which shaped the cultural awareness of the 19th century, namely realism and historicism. 
PL
Artykuł stanowi swoisty teoretyczny wstęp do zjawiska artystycznego zwanego liberaturą. Zostaje w nim podjęta jedna z pierwszych prób usytuowania liberatury w ramach tradycji literackiej, jednak bez szczegółowego badania konkretnych odniesień intertekstualnych. Na początku pokrótce przedstawiono zakres znaczeniowy terminu „liberatura”, przyrównując ową formę do innych form artystycznego wyrazu. Następnie zadano kilka kluczowych pytań dotyczących liberatury i wskazano możliwe odpowiedzi. Szkic ma na celu – poprzez postawienie szeregu problemów badawczych – zwrócenie uwagi na konieczność prowadzenia badań teoretycznych nad liberaturą.
EN
The article is aimed to be a theoretical introduction into the artistic phenomenon called liberature. One of the fi rst att empts to locate liberature within literary tradition is made, although without a detailed analysis of specifi c intertextual references. In the beginning, the scope of the notion of “liberature” is presented and compared to other forms of artistic expression. Subsequently, several key questions concerning liberature are asked and possible answers are indicated. The purpose of the essay is – through pointing to some of the research problems – to draw academics’ att ention to the need for a theoretical research on liberature.
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