Search results

1

Arabic Loanwords In Swahili: Addenda

100%

Baldi S.

Lingua Posnaniensis

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2008

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vol. 50

9-22

EN

This article deals mainly with a phonological treatment of Arabic loans, offering examples of how each Arabic phoneme is rendered in Swahili. The work is based on a large database collected from main Swahili dictionaries and previous literature on this topics. It is interesting to show that the phonological system has absorbed some Arabic sounds along with the borrowed vocabulary, although the grammatical structure of the language has been unaffected by its contact with Arabic. The method of choosing true loans was based on the phonological and the semantic resemblance among the two languages. The result of a such work was a first large panorama of a phonological Arabic loans treatment. Arabic has introduced into Swahili some phonemes which did not exist. There is some variation among Swahili speakers in the pronunciation of these loanwords. The borrowed phonemes are most likely to occur in the speech of Muslim native speakers from the coast and for whom pronunciation of these sounds as closely as possible to the Arabic model is a matter of prestige. Swahili was also a medium of spreading Arabic Loans, so for this reason at the end of the article, some examples of Arabic loans, which were spread through Swahili in Eastern Africa, are given.

2

Elementy konstrukcyjne lokomotywy spalinowej M62 w języku ukraińskim – problem zapożyczeń

100%

Kowalczyk O.

Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław

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2019

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issue 16

61-75

EN

The article analyzes the way terminology connected to the field of railway transport function in the Ukrainian language. The research material consists of examples of names separated from the cross-section of the M62 diesel locomotive. The analysis of the collected lexical material was carried out following the key of loanwords. The study shows that based on the Ukrainian language, the terms in the field of rail transport come mainly from ancient languages (Latin, Greek – 43% of collected research material). To a lesser extent, from English, French, German and Dutch. Moreover, the importance of the Russian language was pointed out, which should be considered the last link in the discussed process. In many cases, the appearance of the so-called “traveling loanwords” was observed.

3

W sprawie najdawniejszych zapożyczeń wschodniosłowiańskich w języku polskim

100%

Fałowski A.

LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa

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2016

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issue 22

137-156

EN

In 1963, Stanisław Urbańczyk attempted to investigate the problem of the earliest East Slavic borrowings in Polish. He presented a list of Old Polish imports from the East Slavic languages comprising 150 lexical units. Fifty years later, Wiesław Witkowski, another Slavicist from Cracow, extended the list of East Slavic borrowings included in Słownik Staropolski (‘Old Polish Dictionary’) to 199 units. The goal of the present paper is to partially verify the standpoints of the two researchers. Perforce, it is limited to those words which arrived in the East Slavic territory from the broadly understood East, i.e. from the Turkic, Mongolic, and Finno-Ugric languages. The results of this verification are as follows. Out of 32 analysed lexical units (not including the word denka), 22 can probably be considered East Slavic borrowings in Old Polish: ataman, bachmat, bezmian, bisior, bojar, bojarzyn, bołki, bułatowy, czobot, czobotnik, derka, kalannik || kalennik, kalanny || kalenny, kalaństwo, kaleta || kaletka, kitajka, kitajczany, kiwior, korczak || korczag, korczakowy, mohorycz, mohorycznik, opończa, roztruchan, sorok, telega, teleżny, tołmacz, torłop, tybinki || ciebienki. The same is not true for the following words: hazuka || azuka, jarmułka || jermułka, karbus, orkisz, serpanek || serpanka, tarchun || torchun. In four cases (the words badawia, basałyk, kolimaga, orda, ordyniec || hordyniec) a definite acceptance of East Slavic mediation appears to be impossible at the current stage of research.

4

Polish loanwords in English revisited

100%

Dylewski R., Witt Z., Dylewski R., Witt Z.

Linguistica Silesiana

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2021

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vol. 42

5

Aktywność słowotwórcza a zjawisko zapożyczeń na przykładzie czasowników dwuaspektowych (w ujęciu polsko-słowackim)

100%

Mieczkowska H.

Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej

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2015

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vol. 50

EN

Word formation activity and the phenomenon of loanwords as exemplified by dual aspect verbs (in Polish-Slovakian interlinguality)The conducted analysis of dual aspect verbs (based on selected linguistic material) and contrasting them with the state observed a quarter or half century ago do not show interdependencies between the existence of the group of genetically foreign dual aspect verbs – which are very limited and virtually relic in Polish but definitely more frequent in Slovakian – and a strong trend for word borrowing. On the contrary, the observed linguistic increase in prefixed oppositional units of perfective aspect indicates that more significant impact on their development and functioning is exerted by the established word formation technique as well as the lexical and grammatical structure of the native language. Aktywność słowotwórcza a zjawisko zapożyczeń na przykładzie czasowników dwuaspektowych (w ujęciu polsko-słowackim)Przeprowadzona analiza czasowników dwuaspektowych (w oparciu o wybrany materiał językowy) i ich konfrontacja ze stanem sprzed ćwierć-, a nawet półwiecza nie wykazują wzajemnych zależności pomiędzy funkcjonowaniem w języku – nielicznej, prawie reliktowej w polszczyźnie i zdecydowanie liczniejszej w języku słowackim – grupy genetycznie obcych czasowników dwuaspektowych a silnym nurtem zapożyczeń. Wręcz przeciwnie – obserwowany przyrost językowy prefiksalnych członów opozycyjnych o wartości aspektu dokonanego wskazuje, że większy wpływ na ich rozwój i funkcjonowanie wywierają utarta technika słowotwórcza i struktura leksykalno-gramatyczna języka rodzimego.

6

Linguistic and cultural heterogeneity in contemporary Czech commercial advertising

89%

Mrázková K.

Stylistyka

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2015

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vol. 24

319-329

EN

The article deals with linguistic heterogeneity in commercial advertisements addressed to the Czech-speaking majority audience in the Czech Republic. Analyzing examples predominantly from the Czech press and television advertisements, the author shows, among others, which foreign languages are used, how elements of foreign languages are incorporated into the Czech texts and what their functions are. The most frequent foreign language used here is English, followed (perhaps surprisingly) by Italian, which is associated with advertisements for culinary products. For most of the advertisements analyzed, recipients can do without any profound knowledge of the foreign language being used, and in fact, often no knowledge of it is necessary to understand them. The most important function of the foreign language elements or even some longer texts in the advertisements is to index associated stereotypes. Foreign languages point to foreign countries, nations, cultures and their supposed qualities, e.g. German in advertisements on cars produced by German manufactures refers to the tradition of German engineers and evokes concepts such as exactness or reliability. Even in those cases where some knowledge of the given foreign language is necessary to understand the advertisement, the indexical function of this language is important, but in a different manner: it points to the addressee as to an educated person, a citizen of the world, and the like.

7

Z problematyki opisu frazeologii publicystycznej

88%

Kosek I.

Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza

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2021

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vol. 28

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issue 2

271-283

EN

The article analyses the sources of phraseological units occurring in the media and in journalistic texts of contemporary Polish language. The first part of the article contains a few remarks on two types of new noun phrases, e.g. Europa dwu prędkości (two-/multi-speed Europe), mowa nienawiści (hate speech), dane wrażliwe (sensitive data). The second part indicates the main problems related to the linguistic description of phraseology in journalism: the phraseologism – term relation and the difficulties in identifying the sources of phraseological units (the type of loanword).

8

La integración de los nahuatlismos en el Diccionario de Autoridades

88%

Pedrote Romero A.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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2015

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issue 7(38)

53-68

EN

This paper shows the results of the research on how Nahuatl words with geographical referents were dealt with in the Diccionario de Autoridades. The study also attempts to assess the degree of integration of these words into eighteenth‑century Spanish and whether they correspond with definitions present in the first academic work.

9

Kilka uwag o zapożyczeniach włoskich w polskiej terminologii medycznej

88%

Pronińska A., Anna D.

Academic Journal of Modern Philology

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2021

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issue 13

231-241

EN

The article is an attempt at an initiatory, quantitative and semantic verification of Italian loanwords in the field of medicine and related sciences in the contemporary Polish language. In the introductory part, the aim and the methodology adopted in the research are described. The criteria for identifying loanwords depend on the assumed research perspective: for one-sided research, a loanword from Italian may be considered both a lexeme of Italian origin adopted into the Polish language and a lexeme of any other origin, provided that it was borrowed into Polish via Italian (e.g. the word gabinet). In the case of contrastive research, on the other hand, only a lexeme of Italian origin can be considered as an Italian loanword (an Italianism), regardless of the language through which it came into the Polish language (e.g. the lexeme malaria). The further part of the article is an analytical segment devoted entirely to Italianisms present in Polish medical terminology. In this part, the initial corpus was analysed in order to preparatively verify the number of Italianisms occurring in Polish medical terminology. Then, the separated target research corpus was subjected to a qualitative analysis. The analysis confirmed that – taking into account the requirement of Italian origin – the number of Italianisms in Polish medical terminology is lower than what is shown in the sources consulted.

10

Kiswahili Loanwords in the English Language of Kenya within a Theoretical Framework

88%

Budohoska N.

Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies

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2013

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issue 22/2

73-86

EN

The sociolinguistic context of prolonged language contact in contemporary Kenya should lead to a certain amount of influence of the languages on one another, e.g. through loanwords. The main aim of the present paper was to examine English in Kenya to show what kind of words are borrowed from African languages and their analysis within the framework of the borrowing theories formulated in Tappolet (1913–16), Haugen (1950), Weinreich (1953), Dardano – Trifone (1995), Hock – Joseph (1996), Krefeld (1999) and McColl-Millar (2007). The data for this study come from the International corpus of English for East Africa (ICE-EA).

11

Raport o turkijskim albo chińskim pochodzeniu słowiańskiego *slonъ ‘słoń’

88%

Stachowski M.

Rocznik Slawistyczny

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2015

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vol. 64

115-122

EN

Max Vasmer was the first to derive Slavic *slonъ ‘elephant’ from the Turkic word a(r)slan ‘lion’. Despite sporadic rival proposals, this etymology has gained general acceptance. In 1977 V.V. Ivanov suggested a Chinese etymon for the Slavic word, but his attempt had remained unanswered for more than thirty years. In 2011, A. Vovin joined the discussion and voiced his support for the Chinese alternative. The present author discusses both the Turkic and the Chinese threads and attempts to evaluate their value for further etymological research.

12

Challenges in the Study of “Spanish” Loanwords in Late Medieval and Early Modern English

88%

Roig-Marín A.

Anglica Wratislaviensia

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2019

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issue 57

137-147

EN

The study of copious Latin and French loanwords which entered the English language in the Middle Ages and the early modern period has tended to eclipse the appreciation of more limited—yet equally noteworthy—lexical contributions from other languages. One of such languages, Spanish, is the focus of this article. A concise overview of the Spanish influence on English throughout its history will help to contextualize a set of lexicographical data from the OED which has received scant attention in research into the influence of Spanish on English, that is, lexis dating to the late medieval and early modern period. It re-evaluates the underlying Arabic influx in English common to Spanish and revisits some of the lexicographical challenges in tracing the etymology of words which could have potentially been borrowed from a range of Romance languages.

13

Polonisms in Russian-Ukrainian Translation Dictionaries of the 20st Century: History and Modern State

88%

Томіленко Л.

Slavia Orientalis

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2020

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vol. LXIX

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issue 1

14

Gender variation of anglicisms in German: The influence of cognitive factors and regional varieties

88%

Onysko A., Callies M., Ogiermann E.

Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics

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2013

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vol. 49

103-136

EN

When English nouns are borrowed into German, they need to be assigned grammatical gender. Since grammatical gender information is not present in English, the integration of anglicisms in German offers the opportunity to investigate regularities of gender assignment. Furthermore, it can be expected that the integration of loanwords can cause some variation in the usage of grammatical gender, as has been observed impressionistically for different varieties of German in previous research. This article picks up on both of these issues and first of all discusses "gender assignment schemas" for English loans based on established patterns of gender assignment in German. Secondly, an empirical study investigates gender variation across three major German dialect areas. The findings show a substantial amount of variation among many of the test items. These results are discussed in relation to cognitive schemas of gender assignment and in terms of regional variation.

15

African elements (Africanisms) in modern American English

88%

Putayeva E.

Studies in African Languages and Cultures

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2021

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issue 55

139-157

EN

The article deals with the influence of words of African origin on the formation of American English [AE] word stock. It provides new interpretation of Africanisms and shows the significance of this part of vocabulary in determining the characteristics of the American culture. The investigation is based on the existing sources (mainly lexicographic works) and is aimed at their new structural and functional analysis. As a result of the research, it became clear that most of the words of African origin were introduced to English spoken in America in the 17th century and some in the 18th and 19th centuries. The number of words and expressions from African languages that were introduced was closely related to African Americans’ way of living, their spiritual believes, rituals and attitudes and various objects used by them such as weapons. The word stock of the English language was enriched due to the assimilation of loanwords from languages of Africans living in America. A significant contribution to AE is the great amount of words naming animals, fruit, foodstuff, names of states, rivers and lakes, cities and towns.

16

Tilgung von Sprachlauten in den lexikalischen Entlehnungen aus dem Deutschen ins Polnische des 20. Jahrhunderts

88%

Feret A. S.

Beiträge zur allgemeinen und vergleichenden Sprachwissenschaft

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2018

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issue 7

31-43

EN

The aim of the present paper is to disscuss the elision of language sounds in loanwords transferred from German into Polish in the 20th century. Only those loanwords of German origin are examined whose time of transfer into Polish could be clearly indicated and whose etymology could be found.

17

Cлaвянизмы в литoвcкиx диaлeктныx cлoвapяx

88%

Сакалаускене [Sakalauskienė] В. V.

Acta Baltico-Slavica

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2015

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vol. 39

EN

Slavisms in Lithuanian Dialect DictionariesThis arcticle discusses dialect dictionaries where words are recorded either from living language or from other, written sources of dialect. Up to now, ten Lithuanian dialect dictioniaries have been published and five are being compiled. Dialect changes along with our everyday life. A lot of words from the old dialect are being forgotten. Those words are no longer being used in the common language as well as in other dialects. In addition, some words gain new meanings. The same processes apply to loanwords which are used in dialects and are included in dialect dictionaries. The lexical system of a dialect dictionary shows the functioning of loanwords and their relationship with the words of the common language.The majority of Lithuanian loanwords are Slavisms, used in those dialects which have had a direct contact with Slavic languages, such as Polish, Belarusian or Russian. Slavisms and loanwords from other languages are marked variously in different dictionaries. In one of them, shortened language names are written in parentheses after the entry, which indicates that it is a word of foreign origin. Other dictionaries simply indicate Slavisms or additionally present the foreign equivalent from which they originate.A number of Slavisms from the dictionaries is analysed in the article. This examplary group are occupation names: kamarnykas (“debt collector”), cf. Polish komornik (DrskŽ 134, DvŽ I 239, KltŽ 97, KpŽ II 161, KrtnŽ 142, ZanŽ I 604); kupčius (“merchant”), cf. Polish kupiec, Belarusian кyпeц (DrskŽ 176, DvŽ I 323, KltŽ 130, KpŽ II 525, KrtnŽ 196, KzRŽ I 407, ZanŽ I 808, ZtŽ 332); strielčius (“shooter, huntsman”), cf. Polish strzelec, Belarusian cтpэлeц (DrskŽ 352, DvŽ II 299, KpŽ III 876, KrtnŽ 394, ZanŽ III 196); rimorius (“leatherworker”), cf. Polish rymarz (DrskŽ 305, KpŽ III 499, KzRŽ II 176, ZanŽ II 557).Dialects are affected by various linguistic and extralinguistic factors. The intensity of word loaning depends on the outer circumstances of language or dialect. Loanwords only fill gaps in some fields. The research of Slavisms provides abundant material for the study of their origins as well as how and why they spread, and of the history of Lithuanian dialects in general. Slawizmy w litewskich słownikach gwarowychPrzedmiotem analizy są litewskie słowniki gwarowe, rejestrujące słownictwo z żywej mowy lub z zapisów w źródłach dialektologicznych. Język litewski doczekał się dotychczas dziesięciu takich słowników, kolejnych pięć jest w opracowaniu.Zmiany w zasobie słownictwa dialektalnego są pochodną przemian zachodzących w życiu codziennym użytkowników gwar. Wiele starych nazw wycofuje się zarówno z języka literackiego, jak i z dialektów. Niektóre wyrazy zachowują żywotność, ale zmieniają znaczenia. Wskazanym procesom ulegają także zapożyczenia w leksyce gwarowej. Opis leksykograficzny zastosowany w badanych słownikach pozwala śledzić zakres dystrybucji słownictwa zapożyczonego w gwarach w relacji do jednostek języka literackiego.Najliczniejszą grupę zapożyczeń leksykalnych stanowią slawizmy używane w tych gwarach litewskich, które zetknęły się bezpośrednio z którymś z języków słowiańskich – polskim, białoruskim czy rosyjskim. W badanych słownikach zastosowano różne metody kwalifikowania slawizmów. Jedno ze źródeł podaje w nawiasie skrót nazwy języka, z którego przejęta została dana jednostka, inne słowniki sygnalizują tylko ogólnie, że słowo jest pochodzenia słowiańskiego, czasami przywoływane są także wyrazy, które stanowią podstawę zapożyczeń.W artykule poddano analizie wybrane slawizmy wyekscerpowane z dziesięciu słowników gwarowych. Jedną z opisywanych grup znaczeniowych stanowią określania wykonawców zawodów: kamarnykas, por. polskie komornik (DrskŽ 134, DvŽ I 239, KltŽ 97, KpŽ II 161, KrtnŽ 142, ZanŽ I 604); kupčius, por. polskie kupiec, białoruskie кyпeц (DrskŽ 176, DvŽ I 323, KltŽ 130, KpŽ II 525, KrtnŽ 196, KzRŽ I 407, ZanŽ I 808, ZtŽ 332); strielčius, por. polskie strzelec, białoruskie cтpэлeц (DrskŽ 352, DvŽ II 299, KpŽ III 876, KrtnŽ 394, ZanŽ III 196); rimorius, por. polskie rymarz (DrskŽ 305, KpŽ III 499, KzRŽ II 176, ZanŽ II 557).Zasób leksyki dialektalnej kształtowały różne czynniki językowe i pozajęzykowe. Intensywność zapożyczeń leksykalnych zależy od uwarunkowań zewnętrznych względem języka czy dialektu, a luki, które mogą wypełnić zapożyczenia, występują tylko w niektórych obszarach tematycznych słownictwa gwarowego. Analiza slawizmów ukierunkowana na ustalanie genezy i powodów zapożyczania obcych nazw oraz dynamiki ich rozprzestrzeniania się na gruncie litewskim wpisuje się w szerszą problematykę studiów nad historią dialektów litewskich.

18

Cлaвянизмы в литoвcкиx диaлeктныx cлoвapяx

88%

Сакалаускене [Sakalauskienė] В. V.

Acta Baltico-Slavica

|

2015

|

vol. 39

143-158

EN

This arcticle discusses dialect dictionaries where words are recorded either from living language or from other, written sources of dialect. Up to now, ten Lithuanian dialect dictioniaries have been published and five are being compiled. Dialect changes along with our everyday life. A lot of words from the old dialect are being forgotten. Those words are no longer being used in the common language as well as in other dialects. In addition, some words gain new meanings. The same processes apply to loanwords which are used in dialects and are included in dialect dictionaries. The lexical system of a dialect dictionary shows the functioning of loanwords and their relationship with the words of the common language. The majority of Lithuanian loanwords are Slavisms, used in those dialects which have had a direct contact with Slavic languages, such as Polish, Belarusian or Russian. Slavisms and loanwords from other languages are marked variously in different dictionaries. In one of them, shortened language names are written in parentheses after the entry, which indicates that it is a word of foreign origin. Other dictionaries simply indicate Slavisms or additionally present the foreign equivalent from which they originate. A number of Slavisms from the dictionaries is analysed in the article. This examplary group are occupation names: kamarnykas (“debt collector”), cf. Polish komornik (DrskŽ 134, DvŽ I 239, KltŽ 97, KpŽ II 161, KrtnŽ 142, ZanŽ I 604); kupčius (“merchant”), cf. Polish kupiec, Belarusian кyпeц (DrskŽ 176, DvŽ I 323, KltŽ 130, KpŽ II 525, KrtnŽ 196, KzRŽ I 407, ZanŽ I 808, ZtŽ 332); strielčius (“shooter, huntsman”), cf. Polish strzelec, Belarusian cтpэлeц (DrskŽ 352, DvŽ II 299, KpŽ III 876, KrtnŽ 394, ZanŽ III 196); rimorius (“leatherworker”), cf. Polish rymarz (DrskŽ 305, KpŽ III 499, KzRŽ II 176, ZanŽ II 557). Dialects are affected by various linguistic and extralinguistic factors. The intensity of word loaning depends on the outer circumstances of language or dialect. Loanwords only fill gaps in some fields. The research of Slavisms provides abundant material for the study of their origins as well as how and why they spread, and of the history of Lithuanian dialects in general.

PL

Przedmiotem analizy są litewskie słowniki gwarowe, rejestrujące słownictwo z żywej mowy lub z zapisów w źródłach dialektologicznych. Język litewski doczekał się dotychczas dziesięciu takich słowników, kolejnych pięć jest w opracowaniu. Zmiany w zasobie słownictwa dialektalnego są pochodną przemian zachodzących w życiu codziennym użytkowników gwar. Wiele starych nazw wycofuje się zarówno z języka literackiego, jak i z dialektów. Niektóre wyrazy zachowują żywotność, ale zmieniają znaczenia. Wskazanym procesom ulegają także zapożyczenia w leksyce gwarowej. Opis leksykograficzny zastosowany w badanych słownikach pozwala śledzić zakres dystrybucji słownictwa zapożyczonego w gwarach w relacji do jednostek języka literackiego. Najliczniejszą grupę zapożyczeń leksykalnych stanowią slawizmy używane w tych gwarach litewskich, które zetknęły się bezpośrednio z którymś z języków słowiańskich – polskim, białoruskim czy rosyjskim. W badanych słownikach zastosowano różne metody kwalifikowania slawizmów. Jedno ze źródeł podaje w nawiasie skrót nazwy języka, z którego przejęta została dana jednostka, inne słowniki sygnalizują tylko ogólnie, że słowo jest pochodzenia słowiańskiego, czasami przywoływane są także wyrazy, które stanowią podstawę zapożyczeń. W artykule poddano analizie wybrane slawizmy wyekscerpowane z dziesięciu słowników gwarowych. Jedną z opisywanych grup znaczeniowych stanowią określania wykonawców zawodów: kamarnykas, por. polskie komornik (DrskŽ 134, DvŽ I 239, KltŽ 97, KpŽ II 161, KrtnŽ 142, ZanŽ I 604); kupčius, por. polskie kupiec, białoruskie кyпeц (DrskŽ 176, DvŽ I 323, KltŽ 130, KpŽ II 525, KrtnŽ 196, KzRŽ I 407, ZanŽ I 808, ZtŽ 332); strielčius, por. polskie strzelec, białoruskie cтpэлeц (DrskŽ 352, DvŽ II 299, KpŽ III 876, KrtnŽ 394, ZanŽ III 196); rimorius, por. polskie rymarz (DrskŽ 305, KpŽ III 499, KzRŽ II 176, ZanŽ II 557). Zasób leksyki dialektalnej kształtowały różne czynniki językowe i pozajęzykowe. Intensywność zapożyczeń leksykalnych zależy od uwarunkowań zewnętrznych względem języka czy dialektu, a luki, które mogą wypełnić zapożyczenia, występują tylko w niektórych obszarach tematycznych słownictwa gwarowego. Analiza slawizmów ukierunkowana na ustalanie genezy i powodów zapożyczania obcych nazw oraz dynamiki ich rozprzestrzeniania się na gruncie litewskim wpisuje się w szerszą problematykę studiów nad historią dialektów litewskich.

19

Sociálně motivované variování výslovnosti cizích slov

75%

Havlík M.

Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)

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2016

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vol. 98

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issue 2

157-173

EN

This paper presents the findings of a study on loanword pronunciation in Czech, focusing in particular on the impact of four primary independent variables (age, sex, education, and region of origin, i.e. Prague / Brno) on loanword pronunciation. The results were obtained from an empirical study undertaken in 2014, in which 300 native speakers of Czech were recorded reading 300 loanwords in short sentences. The social categories of the sample correlate proportionally with those of the inhabitants of both cities, according to the latest census. Age and education were identified as the variables associated with the highest degree of variation in the pronunciation of the loanwords studied. Knowledge of English, now a compulsory school subject in the Czech Republic, has a clear impact on pronunciation; however, the influence of the other factors on variation across social categories was also detected.

20

“How come you’re not shipping them??? They’re canon”: a look at the language of Italian fandom

75%

Miłkowska-Samul K., Miłkowska-Samul K.

Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny

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2019

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issue 2

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