The paper analyzes the activities of two socially committed artists: Banksy and Jan Klata, who both use the funfair motif. Banksy employs it in a literal though subversive way in his project Dismaland, which is a quizzical reversal of Disneyland. Klata employs it in his performances (which often take the form of the director’s comments on the reality that surrounds us), showing a set of “amusements” resembling those from a funfair and leading the viewer to a perceptive dissonance (similarly to the collection of Eisenstein’s amusements). It seems that the space created by the committed art that uses the concept of a funfair allows for the implementation of a real rebellion against the status quo. Actual amusement parks, however, create only an illusion of the possibility to break with the norms of the social system.
Even though absurd humour and surreal scenes are at first sight the characteristic elements of Eric Chevillard’s style, it is an oversimplification to consider his novels as mere literary jokes. The appeal of this literature stems from the light and witty manner in which it transforms outdated novelistic conventions, deconstructs classic narrative strategies and refuses to fulfill the reader’s expectations. This article seeks to analyse minimal narration, an unusual mode of writing for Chevillard, in Oreille rouge: just like narrative excess, typical of his other works, it results in dematerialisation of the plot and redefinition of the novelistic structure.
Wśród wielu kwestii, jakie poruszane są w kontekście rozwoju m.in. dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym, pojawia się ta poświęcona zagadnieniu zabaw i gier. Potrzeba bawienia się nie wygasa jednak wraz z zakończeniem etapu rozwoju, jakim jest dzieciństwo. Zabawy jako naturalna potrzeba gatunku homo sapiens wraz z aktywnością poznawczą (potrzebą uczenia się) i społeczną uznawane są za elementarne formy ludzkiej aktywności także w okresie dorosłości i starości. Podejmując rozważania dotyczące ewolucji zabaw w gry, zaakcentowano fakt tożsamości pojęć „zabawa” i „gra” oraz możliwych odmienności znaczeniowych tych dwóch pojęć. Żywiołowość zabaw może podlegać zdyscyplinowaniu. Istnienie dużego zasobu literatury poświęconej zabawom (dziecięcym, dorosłych) odsuwa niekiedy na dalszy plan analizy procesu ewolucji aktywności zabawowej w granie (cykl: zabawa-gra). Pewne kategorie zabaw i gier układają się bardzo wyraźnie w sekwencję czasową związaną z pojawianiem się ich oraz przechodzeniem jednych w drugie (zabaw w gry). Zagadnienie to nie należy do dobrze zbadanych, jednak pewien zarys tej myśli można już opisać.
EN
Among the many issues that are raised in the context of the development of preschool children, among others, there is the one devoted to the issue of play and games. However, the need to play does not cease with the end of the developmental stage that is childhood. Playing as a natural need of the species homo sapiens, along with cognitive activity (the need to learn) and social activity, are considered elementary forms of human activity also in adulthood and old age. In considering the evolution of playfulness in games, the fact of the identity of the concepts of “fun” and “play” and the possible differences in the meanings of these two concepts were emphasized. The vividness of play may be subject to discipline. The existence of a large body of literature on play (children’s, adult) sometimes relegates the analysis of the process of evolution of play activity into play (cycle: play-game). Certain categories of fun and games are very clearly arranged in a temporal sequence related to their appearance and the transition of one into another (fun into games). This issue is not one of the well-studied, but some outline of this thought can already be described.
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