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EN
The article investigates the way Directive 2004/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the enforcement of intellectual property rights was implemented to the Polish copyright law. It pays special attention to the provision of art. 79 sec. 1 of the Polish copyright law that provides for payment of double or, where the infringement is culpable, triple the amount of respective remuneration that would have been due as of the time of claiming it in exchange for the rightholder’s consent for the use of the work and analyzes whether it constitutes punitive damages that are prohibited by the above Directive. It explains the reasons rooted in economic analysis of law behind it and outlines some possible risks arising therefrom.
EN
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to attempt a comprehensive evaluation of the legal regulations within the Polish tax system regarding taxation of clergymen revenues from pastoral services3. Methodology: Undertaking and accomplishing the purpose of this paper has been possible by analyzing the Polish literature on the subject as well as the relevant legal acts. For the purpose of this paper also empirical materials have been used, in the form of a report on the fi nances of the Catholic Church, the contents of which were used to formulate the conclusions de lege ferenda. The main research method used in the present study was the legal dogmatic method, which involves an analysis of the applicable regulations within the Polish legal system in the fi eld of taxation of clergymen revenues from pastoral services. Additionally, the basic methods of statistical data presentation were used in the form of tables. Findings: The applicable legal regulations within the Polish tax system regarding taxation of clergymen revenues obtained from performing their pastoral services require an urgent and comprehensive reform. For these are normative solutions that contradict the basic principles of taxation (especially the postulated for more than two centuries principles of equality and justice in taxation), which should form the basis for a properly determined object of taxation, and therefore they do not fulfi ll the by the legislature assigned functions. Research implications: Presented ideas for changes in the currently in Poland adopted lump-sum taxation system of clergymen revenues could constitute a starting point for the developers of the tax reform for further discussion on the desirable directions of reform in the fi eld of personal income taxation in Poland. Originality: In the paper the Author points out that in the ongoing public discussion on the optimal method of taxation of personal income relatively little attention is given to issues concerning the taxation of personal income obtained from pastoral services. Thus, the present study, summarizing the existing achievements of the Polish doctrine of fi nancial law in this fi eld, constitutes a voice in the discussion on this subject and at the same time puts forward concrete proposals for changes in the current legal regulation of taxation of the clergy, which could serve as an inspiration for the developers of the tax reform in Poland.
EN
According to the author, under the existing legal provisions is not advisable to introduce regulations allowing for separation – as part of a lump sum – of funds for the so-called representation expenses. Due to the heterogeneous nature of representation expenses it is not possible, according to the law in force, to adopt legal provisions allowing the Deputies to prove in the form of a statement that they were incurred. If it was decided to undertake work on the proposed solution, the subject of the amendment should be the Order of the Marshal of the Sejm on the technical and organizational conditions the establishment, operation and winding up of Deputy’s offices.
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2020
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vol. 65
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issue 1 (390)
34-59
EN
Financial sanctions against Member States for infringement of Euro-pean Union law can amount to millions of euros. They are imposed by the Court of Justice of the European Union, either as a periodic penalty payment or a lump sum. The paper presents the procedure for enforcing the Court’s judgements and discusses the interpretation of Article 260 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union in the case-law of this institution: from a precedent allowing the joint imposition of a periodic penalty payment and a lump sum, by changing the method of calculating both penalties as a result of the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, to the interpretation of the expression failu-re to fulfil its obligation to notify transposing measures referred to in Article 260 (3) TFEU.
EN
The objective of the paper is to present the regulation of Estonian CIT, type of income tax in Poland in the context of changes that took place January 1 this year. It describe the subject of the regulation in opposition to 2021`s regulation, decisions of tax authorities (individual interpretations) and tax benefits that can be obtained thanks to changes in the law.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie regulacji dotyczących ryczałtu od dochodów spółek, czyli tzw. estońskiego CIT1, jako rodzaju podatku dochodowego w Polsce z uwzględnieniem zmian, które weszły w życie z dniem 1 stycznia bieżącego roku. Autor opisuje tę formę opodatkowania w kontekście regulacji z 2021 r., decyzji organów podatkowych (interpretacje indywidualne) oraz korzyści podatkowych, które można uzyskać dzięki zmianom w zakresie prawa podatkowego.
Pieniądze i Więź
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2018
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vol. 21
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issue 4(81)
64-82
PL
Problemem badawczym analizowanym w niniejszym artykule jest zróżnicowanie form i stawek opodatkowania mikro i małych przedsiębiorstw. Motywacją do realizacji powyższego problemu badawczego jest chęć określenia wpływu stawek i form opodatkowania na wysokość faktycznie ponoszonych przez podmioty gospodarcze obciążeń podatkowych. Celem tekstu jest z kolei analiza możliwości oraz ekonomicznej racjonalności wykorzystania zróżnicowanych form opodatkowania przedsiębiorstw funkcjonujących w Polsce. Realizując ten cel wykorzystano kwerendę bibliograficzną, metodę opisową oraz analizę danych finansowych podmiotu gospodarczego. W niniejszym artykule scharakteryzowano sektor małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw oraz zdefiniowano kryteria wyróżniające małą firmę spośród ogółu podmiotów gospodarczych. Wyszczególniono również oraz przedstawiono formy opodatkowania dostępne dla małych firm. Następnie zostały one opisane pod kątem kryteriów warunkujących możliwość zastosowania poszczególnych form oraz zasad ich funkcjonowania. Ostatnim krokiem było przedstawienie wad i zalet zryczałtowanych form opodatkowania oraz zasad ogólnych.
EN
The research problem analyzed in this article is the diversity of forms and rates of micro and small enterprises’ taxation. The motivation to implement the above research problem is the desire to determine the impact of rates and forms of taxation on the amount of tax burdens actually incurred by business entities. The aim of the paper is to analyze the possibilities and economic rationality of using different forms of taxation of enterprises operating in Poland. In accomplishing of this goal a bibliographic query, a descriptive method and an analysis of the financial data of the business entity were used. The article describes the sector of small and medium enterprises and defines the criteria distinguishing a small company from among all business entities. The forms of taxation available to small businesses are also listed and characterized. Then they are described in terms of criteria determining the possibility of applying particular forms and the rules of their functioning. The final step is to present advantages and disadvantages of flat taxation and general principles.
EN
Taxpayers of the income tax from laundering persons can choose from 2021 a new model of taxation in the form of a lump sum on the income of companies, the so-called Estonian CIT. A significant change in the regulations in this respect took place on January 1, 2022. The choice of this taxation model by taxpayers gives the possibility of departing from the „standard” tax revenues and tax deductible costs in the corporate income tax, and the taxpayer’s transition to determining the financial result in in the light of accounting law. The new model of taxation is based on the assumption that the current financial result achieved by the company – a taxpayer settling on the basis of a lump sum on company income, is not subject to taxation, and only the payment of net profit to the shareholders of the entity is subject to taxation. The assumption in question indicates that if the funds generated in the company as part of its operating activities are not distributed to shareholders (in the form of a dividend or an equivalent transaction for tax purposes, e.g. distribution of hidden profits) – they will be used to finance the entity’s current business or investment activities, then will not be subject to current taxation. In theory, the new regulation is supposed to positively stimulate economic growth by deferring taxation of entrepreneurs until the moment of „payment of funds for consumption”. However, on the other hand, the taxation model in question may result in economic non-taxation of business activities by taxpayers. Doubts regarding the regulation of lump sum on corporate income and gaps in statutory provisions may lead to significant abuses in the field of non-taxation of income (net profit) on the part of CIT and PIT taxpayers. The consequence of defective regulations may be a significant decrease in budget revenues from corporate income tax and personal income tax, without the assumed element of positive stimulation of the economy.
PL
Podatnicy podatku dochodowego od osób pranych mogą wybrać od 2021 r. nowy model opodatkowania w postaci ryczałtu od dochodów spółek, tzw. estoński CIT. Istotna zmiana regulacji w tym zakresie nastąpiła z dniem 1 stycznia 2022 r. Wybór przez podatników tego modelu opodatkowania daje im możliwość odejścia od „standardowo” określonych przychodów podatkowych i kosztów uzyskania przychodów w podatku dochodowym od osób prawnych, a przejście na ustalenie wyniku finansowego w świetle prawa bilansowego. Nowy model opodatkowania jest oparty na założeniu, że bieżący wynik finansowy osiągnięty przez spółkę – podatnika rozliczającego się ryczałtem od dochodów spółek – nie podlega opodatkowaniu, a dopiero wypłata zysku netto wspólnikom podmiotu jest opodatkowana. To założenie oznacza, że jeśli środki finansowe wygenerowane w spółce w ramach działalności operacyjnej nie zostaną rozdystrybuowane do udziałowców (w formie dywidendy lub transakcji równoważnej dla celów podatkowych, np. dystrybucji ukrytych zysków), a zostaną wykorzystane do finansowania bieżącej działalności gospodarczej lub działalności inwestycyjnej podmiotu, to nie będą podlegały bieżącemu opodatkowaniu. W teorii nowa regulacja ma pozytywnie stymulować wzrost gospodarczy poprzez odroczenie opodatkowania przedsiębiorców do momentu „wypłaty środków finansowych do konsumpcji”. Jednakże trzeba zauważyć, że ten model opodatkowania może powodować pod względem ekonomicznym brak opodatkowania prowadzonej działalności gospodarczej przez podatników. Wątpliwości dotyczące regulacji w zakresie ryczałtu od dochodów spółek oraz luki w przepisach ustawowych mogą prowadzić do istotnych nadużyć w zakresie braku opodatkowania dochodu (zysku netto) po stronie podatników podatku dochodowego od osób prawnych i podatku dochodowego od osób fizycznych. Konsekwencją wadliwych regulacji może być istotny spadek wpływów budżetowych z tych podatków, bez zakładanego elementu pozytywnego stymulowania gospodarki.
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