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Herodotus and other Greek authors about loyalty and betrayal in the besieged city This study attempts to determine the frequency of the betrayal of a besieged city in the world of Herodotus. The Histories is an excellent source of knowledge about the attitude of Greeks towards disloyal fellow citizens opening the city gates to the enemy, at a time when siege machines were not yet known, and betrayal (along with hunger and deception) was practically the only chance to conquer the city. Consequently, the question arises: do broader historical and literary studies (testimonies from subsequent decades and centuries) allow us to see the correlation between the popularity of the phenomenon of city betrayal and the development of siege technique. Was the role of betrayal decreasing with time when tools appeared that could assault the city walls? The article is an attempt to answer the question about the importance of loyalty to the local community in the face of war in the context of changing external conditions.
EN
The art and techniques of siege warfare were among the most important aspects of medieval military theatres. Tools for capturing cities and destroying enemy fortifications had been developed since ancient times. Unfortunately, due to the scarcity of sources, both written and unwritten, the state of knowledge is insufficient, affecting both source-critical research and experimental archaeology. The objective of this article is to systematize the available knowledge about medieval siege engines and then to explore its utility in the Piast army based on the available literature and sources, which for the early Piast era include: the Polish Chronicle by Anonymous called Gallus and Thietmar's Chronicle.
PL
Sztuka i technika oblężnicza były jednymi z ważniejszych aspektów średniowiecznych teatrów wojennych. Już od starożytności opracowywano narzędzia służące zdobywaniu miast i niszczeniu umocnień przeciwnika. Niestety, ze względu na niewielką ilość źródeł, zarówno tych pisanych, jak i niepisanych, stan wiedzy jest niewystarczający i dotyczy to tak badań źródłoznawczych, jak i tych z zakresu archeologii eksperymentalnej. Rolą tego artykułu jest usystematyzowanie dostępnej wiedzy na temat przyrządów oblężniczych epoki średniowiecza, a następnie przybliżenie jej użyteczności w wojsku piastowskim w oparciu o dostępną literaturę i źródła, którymi dla epoki wczesnopiastowskiej są: Kronika Polska Anonima zwanego Gallem oraz Kronika Thietmara.
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