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EN
The obligation to provide maintenance is created ex lege, regardless of parties’ will. Both the maintenance obligation and the corresponding right to maintenance are strictly personal and inalienable. However, it is possible to conclude a contract between the obligee and the obligor concerning the maintenance obligation.
EN
We present a flexible, formal framework for maintenance scheduling for public facilities. Key features of the model include an accelerating deterioration scheme, a general utility measure, and real estate market effects in the salvage function. The model is rich enough to capture a range of stylistic scenarios pertaining to public facilities while remaining simple enough to allow formal analysis of the optimal maintenance schedule. Based on our analysis, we draw a phase diagram that classifies the generic behavior of the optimal solution. We illustrate our analysis in numerical examples that highlight essential trade-offs and the time dependence of the facility maintenance problem. Under simplifying assumptions, we also derive the basics of an exact solution.
EN
The maintenance of devices is now a critical element in the functioning of manufacturing enterprises. The situation is similar in the transport industry. The technical condition of the vehicles is dependent upon operational procedures that affect the quality of services, comfort and the amount of incurred operating expenses. The aim of this paper is to compare the standards in vehicle service companies which deal with passenger transport in Poland and South Africa. In this study particular attention is paid to the influence of the human factor (passenger expectations, cultural conditions, required standards) in the implementation of this service. The authors based their research on available literature, newspaper articles, direct observation, surveys among Wroclaw’s inhabitants, and interviews with the residents of Johannesburg and the management staff of transport companies.
EN
This article presents considerations with regard to the status of the provincial inspector of monuments in civil proceedings. The entitlements of this public authority in respect of monument protection are set out in article 95 of the Act on the preservation and maintenance of monuments. The legislator, in a rather concise and imprecise manner, defines the status of the inspector in civil proceedings. Despite the cardinal importance of this regulation, it provides ground for a great deal of debate.
EN
The Polish language keeps losing its position in comparison with other community languages. This is a result of new waves of immigrants arriving from China, Vietnam and Arabic countries. The article presents the current situation of Polish language in Australia referring first to the data gathered by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, then discussing factors that are crucial for language maintenance/shifting using the already existing models. The author divides the factors into ‘permanent’ and ‘dynamic,’ and then, in the second group he distinguishes between the factors that can or cannot be profiled. Such an approach reveals the areas where initiatives aimed at Polish language maintenance in Australia are most needed and can be the most effective.
EN
The article concerns the works of the Comission of European Family Law (CEFL) in the field of divorce law and maintenance between former spouses. The article presents shortly the history, structure, mission and the undertakings of the CEFL. It explains CEFL’s main objective, which is the creation of European Family Law Principles and the methodology of their elaboration. The first set of CEFL Principles regarding the divorce and maintenance between former spouses is presented in details. These principles are compared with the law in force in Poland in order to find any common features or visible differences. The article is supplemented with the publication of the CEFL principles regarding divorce and maintenance between former spouses in all authentic languages (English, German, French) and their translation into Polish.
PL
The applicable rules on jurisdiction and conflict of laws do not preclude situations in which the law of one country governs dissolution of the marriage, while the law of the other is applicable to the alimony claims between the former spouses. These kinds of rules cause difficulties for courts resolving family disputes, if in a particular legal system the regulation on maintenance between formers spouses is closely linked to the rules governing dissolution of marriage. Further complications occur when the law governing the divorce does not provide for ruling on the matrimonial fault and the maintenance claims are governed by the law, under which, like in the case of article 60 of the Polish Family and Guardianship Code, the existence, extent or duration of the maintenance obligations between former spouses are dependent on the ruling on the fault. The principal aim of the article is to analyse legal issues related to claiming alimony on the basis of article 60 of the Polish Family and Guardianship Code, when the foreign law governs dissolution of the marriage. Due to the complex character of these issues international rules on jurisdiction and conflict of laws, as well as domestic rules of material and procedural character shall be analysed.
EN
This paper deals with the integrated supply chain management problem in the context of a single vendor-single buyer system for which the production unit is assumed to randomly shift from an in-control to an out-of-control state. Two different strategies, integrating production, shipment and maintenance policies, are proposed and compared to satisfy the buyers order at a minimum integrated total cost rate. The first strategy is based on a classical production policy for which the buyer’s order of size nQ is manufactured continuously and shipped by lots of size Q. The second strategy suggests that the same buyer’s order should be produced and shipped separately by equal sized lots Q. For both strategies, a corrective or preventive maintenance action is performed at the end of each production cycle, depending on the state of the production unit, and a new setup is carried out. The total integrated average cost per time unit is considered as the performance criterion allowing choosing the best policy for any given situation.
Organizacija
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2011
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vol. 44
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issue 4
120-127
EN
We treat an industrial system which comprises of a number of identical components subject to wear-out. To support the system maintenance an appropriate inventory of spare components is needed. In order to plan the sufficient inventory of spare components, two variants of a simple stochastic model are developed. In both variants, the aim is to determine how many spare components are needed at the beginning of a planning interval to meet demand for corrective replacements during this interval. Under the first variant the acceptable probability of spare shortage during the planning interval is chosen as a decision variable. While in the second variant the adequate spare inventory level is assessed by taking into account the expected number of component failures within the planning interval. A comparison of both variants of the model shows that calculations involved in the second variant are simpler. However, it can only be used when the inventory of spare components can be planned for a relatively long period of time.The determination of an adequate number of spare components according to both variants of our model depends on the form of the probability density function of component failure times. Since the components are subject to wear-out, this function exhibits a peak-shaped form that can be described by different statistical density functions. Advantages and disadvantages of using the normal, lognormal, Weibull, and Gamma density function in our model are discussed. Among the probability density functions studied, the normal density function is found to be the most appropriate for calculations in our model. The applicability of both variants of the model is given through numerical examples using field data on electric locomotives of Slovenian Railways.
EN
This article addresses the issue of gathering traditional folkboats in nautical museums. On the basis of examples from Poland and abroad, the author shows the specific character of such collections and their role in comparison with other museum collections. In particular, there have been highlighted problems related to storage, maintenance and presentation of the boats. Another important aspect is the presentation of these collections during permanent and temporary exhibitions and the policy of acquiring new parts of the collections. Furthermore, the author shows the complex character of the old boats collection owned by the National Maritime Museum in Gdańsk and potential improvements in the field of infrastructure for its maintenance and presentation, as well as the specific character of collections of this type in other museums in Poland. Providing examples from abroad, this article refers to databases of nautical relicts and the possibility to make them accessible for a wider public in electronic form. From the conducted analysis follows that due to the lack of specialized workshops and professionals the problems with maintenance and renovation of boatbuilding objects may soon be deeper. This problem is visible not only in Poland but also in the Nordic countries and Western Europe. Thanks to infrastructure and “soft” academic projects there is a chance for improvements in the field of management of traditional boats collections in Poland. In the year 2014, the National Maritime Museum in Gdańsk launched the project of renovation of maintenance workshops at one of its branches – the Vistula River Museum in Tczew. As a result, the exhibition area will be expanded and the conditions of renovating wooden boatbuilding relic will be improved.
PL
W artykule omawia się problematykę gromadzenia tradycyjnych łodzi ludowych w muzeach morskich. Na tle wybranych przykładów z Polski i z zagranicy autor pokazuje specyfikę takich zbiorów i rolę jaką pełnią na tle pozostałej kolekcji muzealiów. Szczególnie podkreśla się problemy związane z przechowywaniem łodzi, ich konserwacją i eksponowaniem. Ważnym zagadnieniem jest wykorzystanie tego typu muzealiów na wystawach stałych i czasowych oraz polityka pozyskiwania nowych obiektów do zbiorów. Ponadto autor artykułu pokazuje złożoność kolekcji zabytkowych łodzi w Narodowym Muzeum Morskim w Gdańsku i szansę na rozwój infrastruktury służącej do jej konserwacji i ekspozycji, a także specyfikę zbiorów tego rodzaju w innych polskich muzeach. W oparciu o wybrane przykłady zagraniczne poruszono także kwestię baz danych zabytków nautologicznych oraz możliwości ich prezentacji w formie elektronicznej dla szerszego grona odbiorów. Z przeprowadzonej analizy wynika także, że w niedalekiej przyszłości mogą się pogłębić kłopoty z konserwacją i renowacją obiektów szkutniczych z powodu braku wyspecjalizowanych warsztatów i kadry. Jest to problem dotyczący nie tylko Polski, ale także krajów skandynawskich i Europy Zachodniej. Dzięki projektom infrastrukturalnym oraz „miękkim” projektom naukowym istnie szansa na poprawienie zarządzania zbiorami tradycyjnych łodzi w Polsce. Narodowe Muzeum Morskie w Gdańsku rozpoczyna w 2014 r. projekt renowacji warsztatów konserwatorskich w swoim oddziale Muzeum Wisły w Tczewie. Pozwoli on na utworzenie nowej przestrzeni ekspozycyjnej oraz poprawę warunków konserwacji drewnianych zabytków szkutniczych.
EN
Maintenance is a form of fulfilment of the maintenance obligation, whose purpose is to provide means of subsistence to a family member who cannot meet his or her reasonable needs independently. In public law, maintenance is also given other meanings, in particular its precedence over social benefits is emphasised. Poland’s Social Assistance Act treats maintenance as the personal income of a child entitled to it and, on the part of the person named as the debtor, as an expense deductible from income. Past failure to fulfil the maintenance obligation by a resident of a social welfare home is considered as a premise for the exemption of his/her descendants from the fee for staying in the facility. The function of maintenance is recognised in the fact that heads of social welfare centres have the right to bring legal action for maintenance claims on behalf of citizens. Maintenance appears as a tool to protect the social order and axiological order of the social welfare system.
PL
Alimenty są formą realizacji obowiązku alimentacyjnego, ich celem jest dostarczanie środków utrzymania członkowi rodziny, który nie może samodzielnie zaspokoić swoich usprawiedliwionych potrzeb. W prawie publicznym alimentom przypisuje się również inne znaczenia, przede wszystkim podkreśla się pierwszeństwo ich dochodzenia przed świadczeniami socjalnymi. W ustawie o pomocy społecznej alimenty traktuje się jako dochód osobisty dziecka uprawnionego do alimentacji, a po stronie zobowiązanego do alimentacji jako wydatek odliczany od przychodu. Zaniedbanie w przeszłości obowiązku alimentacyjnego przez mieszkańca domu pomocy społecznej uznawane jest za przesłankę zwolnienia jego zstępnych z opłaty za pobyt w placówce. Wyrazem uznania funkcji tych świadczeń jest przyznanie kierownikom ośrodków pomocy społecznej prawa do wytaczania przed sądem powództw o roszczenia alimentacyjne na rzecz obywateli. Alimenty jawią się jako narzędzie ochrony ładu społecznego i porządku aksjologicznego systemu pomocy społecznej.
EN
ObjectivesThe objective of the work was to analyze the impact of selected factors concerning the use and maintenance of firefighters’ protective clothing worn during rescue operations on the hazard of contamination by chemical substances.Material and MethodsThe participants were firefighters (N = 688) from rescue and firefighting units of the State Fire Service in Poland, aged <30, 31–40, 41–50 or >60 years, with different seniority: up to >21 years of service. The survey questionnaire developed by the authors was used. The questionnaire was available online. The Statistica 10.0 statistical package using the χ2 test was applied in the analysis of the significance of the results.ResultsAs reported by the vast majority (>60%) of the firefighters, the maintenance was carried out after recording an average or a high level of contamination. It was pointed out that removal of the contaminants from protective clothing was difficult (83%). The surfaces of the legs and sleeves of protective clothing were the most contaminated areas. A feeling of discomfort was observed (90%) after returning from firefighting operations due to fire, smoke, or combustion residues.ConclusionsIt is necessary to conduct training and information actions concerning the use and maintenance of protective clothing and the harmfulness of chemicals contaminating the garments used by firefighters.
EN
The article deals with the scope of de-penalisation resulting from the amendments to Article 209 of the Penal Code and subsequent proper interpretation of Article 4 § 4 of the same code.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy zakresu depenalizacji wywołanej zmianą art. 209 k.k. i związanej z tą depenalizacją problematyki właściwej wykładni art. 4 § 4 k.k.
PL
Artykuł stanowi omówienie kilku wybranych instytucji, które zostały wprowadzone lub istotnie zmienione w wyniku nowelizacji Kodeksu rodzinnego i opiekuńczego dokonanych w ostatnim dziesięcioleciu. Przedstawiono w nim wady i zalety takich rozwiązań, jak: sprzeciw wobec zamierzonej czynności małżonka (art. 361 k.r.o.), wprowadzenie rozdzielności majątkowej na żądanie wierzyciela (art. 52 § 1 a k.r.o.), skuteczność umowy majątkowej małżeńskiej wobec osób trzecich (art. 471 k.r.o.), uznanie ojcostwa (art. 74 i następne k.r.o.), alimentacja dziecka pełnoletniego (art. 133 k.r.o.). W opracowaniu zwrócono uwagę, że szczególnie trudną do uregulowania materią są stosunki majątkowe małżeńskie, ponieważ ustawodawca, wprowadzając przepisy w tym zakresie, musi uwzględnić zarówno dobro rodziny, jak i samodzielność każdego z małżonków, a także interes osób trzecich pozostających w stosunkach prawnych z osobami żyjącymi w małżeństwie. Podkreślono także znaczenie zmian dotyczących prawa alimentacyjnego, dzięki którym większy wpływ na obowiązek alimentacyjny mają zasady słuszności, szczególnie w odniesieniu do relacji między rodzicami a pełnoletnim dzieckiem. W kontekście instytucji uznania ojcostwa wskazano na istotne znaczenie zmiany samego charakteru tego zdarzenia prawnego, które w swoim obecnym kształcie jest oświadczeniem wiedzy, a nie woli rodziców. Ponadto nowa nazwa instytucji kładzie większy nacisk na więź łączącą ojca z dzieckiem, w mniejszym stopniu traktując dziecko w sposób przedmiotowy. Na zakończenie podkreślono, że przeprowadzone dotychczas zmiany w polskim prawie rodzinnym nie są z pewnością ostatnimi i należy w najbliższym czasie spodziewać się poważnych dyskusji o kwestiach fundamentalnych dla tej dziedziny prawa.
EN
Summary This article is devoted to the several institutions of Polish family law which are the results of the amendments of The Family and Guardianship Code entered into force during the last decade. The advantages and disadvantages of following regulations were presented: the spouse’s objection to a planned act of management of common matrimonial property (art. 361), the separation of property established upon demand of one spouse’s creditor (art 52 §1a), the validity of marriage settlement in the relations with third party (art. 471), the acknowledgement of fatherhood (art. 74 and next) and the maintenance of an adult child (art. 133). It is worth to be mentioned that matrimonial property regimes is a very difficult area of regulation because the legislator must take into account the interest of each of spouses, the interest of whole family and the interest of third parties, especially spouse’s creditors. To keep balance between this values is a challenge. The author of this article underline the importance of the amendment of Polish family law concerning the maintenance of an adult child. Current regulation is much more just for the parents of an adult child than the previous one. To sum up, the author concluded that soon Polish legislator will have to answer to some fundamental questions concerning family law because of the new Civil Code which is being prepared.
EN
The article is aimed at determining the possibilities of modernization of the content of subjects in the process of getting readiness for future PE teachers to Olympic education of juniors. Methods of the research: theoretical analysis and generalization of special literature, analysis of practical activity. The results of the study: 19 topics in the frames of 11 subjects of normative and selective units were modernized and such modernization allowed to provide training of future physical culture teachers step by step to Olympic education of juniors from 1 till 4 course. Such subjects were renewed: «Introduction to speciality», «History of Ukraine», «History of Physical Education», «Methodology of teaching moving games and activities», «Philosophy», «Pedagogy», «Sociology of Physical Education and sport», «Valeology», «Economics», «Study of Law», «Politology». Modernization of content in upper-reminded subjects has promoted formation of positive motivation, theoretical knowledge and practical skills of future physical culture teachers for realization of Olympic education of juniors during training, educational and outside school activities. Making allowable changes to the contents of educational disciplines of professional-pedagogical preparation of future teachers of physical culture took place in three stages. The first stage involved in the formation of students’ motivational readiness of Olympic education of junior schoolchildren, development of their interest in future professional activity. The second stage was the formation of the cognitive readiness of future teachers of physical culture to Olympic education of the elementary school pupils. The third stage involved the compilation and implementation of the acquired theoretical knowledge and practical skills, focused to provide students with skills to plan, organize and implement Olympic education of junior schoolchildren. The modernization of content of subjects with an Olympic thematic, which was suggested in this work can be effective just in the complex interaction with other pedagogical items such as organization of self and scientific methodological work of students on Olympic thematic, realization of special course «Olympic Education of Juniors», including tasks of Olympic Education to the program of pedagogical practice. These items are going to be investigated in further works of the author.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie aktualnych praktyk z zakresu zarządzania aktywami, które są polecane do stosowania przez praktyków zarządzania oraz międzynarodowe standardy organizacyjne. Praktyki zarządzania aktywami były analizowane w obszarach, zidentyfikowanych na podstawie badan literaturowych i zweryfikowanych empirycznie w badaniu. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań kwestionariuszowych prezentują stopień zastosowania analizowanych praktyk w przedsiębiorstwach funkcjonujących w wybranych branżach polskiej gospodarki. Głównym rezultatem teoretycznym przeprowadzonego badania jest opracowanie zweryfikowanego empirycznie i bazującego na literaturze przedmiotu modelu identyfikującego praktyki z zakresu zarządzania aktywami. Z kolei wyniki przedstawionych badań mogą przyczynić do zwiększenia świadomości o roli zarządzania aktywami w firmach, a przede wszystkim wskazać dobre praktyki, które powinny być wdrażane i rozwijane przez przedsiębiorstwa.
EN
The article presents the current practices in the field of asset management, which are recommended for use by management practitioners and international organisational standards. Asset management practices were analysed in areas identified on the basis of literature research, further verified empirically in the study. The results of the research presents level of implementation of the analysed practices in companies operating in selected sectors of the Polish economy. The main theoretical result of the study is development of a literature based and empirically verified model of asset management practices. Furthermore, the results of this study may help to increase awareness about the role of asset management, and above all identify good practices that should be implemented and developed by the companies.
EN
Flight safety, which characterizes the aviation industry, is an important element that contributes to increasing the trust of customers and passengers. The aforementioned factor closely corresponds to the reliability of aircraft and their individual components, including power units. Over one hundred years of development of aviation techniques has led aviation to the currently observed level of safety and reliability. Aviation techniques should be understood as technologies as well as local and global regulations affecting individual branches of the industry. Guidelines No. 9 of the President of Polish Civil Authority of August 29, 2016 on the inter-repair periods of piston engines, indicate the possibility of waiving the requirements related to the performance of major repairs, and a number of conditions must be met. One of the requirements set out in the Guidelines is performing a spectrographic analysis of engine oil in order to estimate the rate of wear of individual engine parts (ULC, 2016). The main goal of this study was to recognize whether regular analysis of engine oil may affect the assessment of the technical condition of aircraft piston engines based on the example of ROTAX 912S, thus affecting or not influencing the maintenance intervals. The engines referred to in the research were produced in the amount of about 2,000 units. Thus, these engines gained popularity as power units for airplanes, helicopters, and gyroplanes. With the increasing number of ROTAX units introduced into service, research into the technical condition becomes more important due to their percentage share in the market.
EN
The year 2012 was announced the Year for Active Ageing and Solidarity between Generations in Decision No 940 2011 EU of the European Parliament and the European Council. The paper features the issue of Polish maintenance law which is an example of a legal regulation of the solidarity between generations. Basically, the support given and received by family members has very strong moral roots. The legal regulation provides for minimal protection only, which may be executed using the power of the state. The solidarity between generations, effected by the provision of the means for living, is very obvious in the relations between parents and children, especially when the beneficiary is an underage child (a minor). However, the right to claim maintenance is also guaranteed by law to parents (and grandparents). When an elderly person is not able to support herself or himself, the law gives them an opportunity to turn to descendents for help. It should be emphasised that this aspect of maintenance which has, so far, been a very rare subject of analyses, is gradually becoming more important from the perspective of the existing demographic problems and the process of ageing in our society.
PL
Decyzją Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady nr 940/2011/UE z 14 września 2011 r. ustanowiono rok 2012 Rokiem Aktywności Osób Starszych i Solidarności Międzypokoleniowej. Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony jest analizie polskiego prawa alimentacyjnego stanowiącego wyraz prawnej regulacji solidarności międzypokoleniowej w zakresie zaspokajania potrzeb członków rodziny. Solidarność ta przejawia się z pewnością w odpowiednim uregulowaniu sposobu dostarczania środków utrzymania i wychowania pomiędzy rodzicami i dziećmi, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem sytuacji dziecka małoletniego, jako istoty słabszej. Należy jednak zwrócić uwagę, że stosunek alimentacyjny istnieje w ogóle między krewnymi w linii prostej, łączy zatem także na przykład dziadków z wnukami. Celem opracowania jest ukazanie poszczególnych relacji międzypokoleniowych, z których wynika stosunek alimentacyjny, oraz przyjrzenie się przesłankom uzasadniającym możliwość dochodzenia świadczeń alimentacyjnych. Przedmiotem analizy była zatem, po pierwsze, sytuacja dziecka uprawnionego do otrzymywania środków utrzymania, zarówno w okresie małoletności, jak i po osiągnięciu przez nie pełnoletności. Po drugie, omówiono także uprawnienia rodziców (dziadków) do dochodzenia alimentów od swoich samodzielnych dzieci (wnuków). Podkreślić należy, że ten drugi aspekt, na który zdecydowanie rzadziej w doktrynie zwraca się uwagę, ma szczególne znaczenie w kontekście obecnych problemów demograficznych, sytuacji osób starszych oraz solidarności międzypokoleniowej.
UK
Статтю присвячено дослідженню суб’єкта деліктної відповідальності за шкоду, завдану діяльністю атракціону. Особливу увагу приділено історії становлення поняття «володілець джерела підвищеної небезпеки» в контексті володільця атракціону. Досліджено основоположні історичні пам’ятки цивільного права України. Проаналізовано такі документи, як Руська правда; «Синтагми» Матфія Властиря 1335 року; Шестикнижжя Константина Арменопула 1345 року; Литовські статути; Соборне уложення 1649 року; «Права, за якими судиться малоросійський народ» 1743 року; Галицький цивільний кодекс 1797 року; Цивільний кодекс Наполеона 1804 року; Зібрання малоросійських прав 1807 року; Звід законів цивільних (в ред. Закону від 4 червня 1912 р.); Цивільне Уложення Російської Імперії; Цивільний кодекс Української РСР 1963 року; Основи цивільного законодавства СРСР 1991 року; чинний Цивільний кодекс України. Виділено підходи до розуміння володільця атракціону, як особи, що а) здійснює експлуатацію джерела завдання шкоди; б) володіє джерелом завдання шкоди; в) зобов’язана до утримання джерела завдання шкоди. Розглянуто володільця атракціону за рамками правової конструкції «володілець речі». Сформовано твердження, що людська діяльність у вигляді підвищено небезпечного рухливого середовища виступає основою для формування джерела завдання шкоди – атракціону. Зроблено висновок, що нерозривний зв’язок діяльності господарчих суб’єктів і атракціону дає змогу ідентифікувати відповідальну особу такого джерела через суб’єкт, який здійснює діяльність. Констатовано, що поняття «володілець атракціону» не відповідає сучасним реаліям цивільних правовідносин, тому виникає потреба ввести в поняттєвий апарат спеціалізований суб’єкт відповідальності за шкоду, завдану атракціоном. Відзначено, що основою діяльності суб’єкта щодо функціонування атракціонів є не володіння атракціоном і не управління ним, а організація його діяльності, тобто налагодження всіх процесів від моменту створення юридичної особи або фізичної особи-підприємця; розробки планів та проєктів діяльності атракціонів; встановлення атракціону, його випробування; добору та згуртовування персоналу (операторів); гарантування безпеки; налагодження чіткого робочого процесу діяльності атракціонів. Проаналізовано тлумачення слова «організовувати» та запропоновано спеціальним суб’єктом відповідальності за шкоду, завдану атракціоном, визначити саме «організатора атракціону». Зауважено, що фактичне володіння атракціоном здійснюють особи, яких умовно можна поділити на дві категорії: володілець атракціону та організатор атракціону. Водночас, коли володілець використовує атракціон у своїй діяльності, він одночасно стає організатором. Виділено ознаки організатора атракціону та запропоновано авторську дефініцію поняття «організатор атракціону».
EN
The article focused on the subject of tort liability for damage caused by the activities of the attractions. Particular attention is paid to the history of the concept of «owner of a source of increased danger» in the context of the owner of the attractions. Fundamental historical monuments of civil law of Ukraine have been studied. Documents such as Russ’ka Pravda; The Six Books of Constantine Armenopoulos in 1345; Lithuanian statutes; Cathedral Act of 1649; «The Rights of the Malorussian People» of 1743; Galician Civil Code of 1797; Napoleon’s Civil Code of 1804; The Collection of Malorussian Rights of 1807; Code of Civil Laws (as amended by the Law of June 4, 1912); Civil Code of the Russian Empire; Civil Code of the Ukrainian SSR of 1963; Fundamentals of the civil legislation of the USSR in 1991; current Civil Code of Ukraine were analyzed. Approaches to the understanding of the owner of the attractions as a person who: operates the source of the damage; owns the source of the damage; is obliged to maintain the source of the damage. The owner of the attractions is considered outside the legal framework of «the owner of the thing». There is a statement that human activity in the form of highly dangerous mobile environment is the basis for the formation of the source of harm – the attractions. It is concluded that the inseparable link between the activities of economic entities and the attractions, allows you to identify the responsible person of such a source through the entity that operates. There is a statement that the concept of «owner of the attractions» does not correspond to the modern realities of civil law, so there is a need to introduce into the conceptual apparatus of a specialized subject of liability for damage caused by the attractions. It is noted that the basis of the subject’s activities in relation to the activities of the attractions is not the ownership of the attractions and not its management, but the organization of its activities, namely the establishment of all processes since the creation of a legal entity or individual entrepreneur; development of plans and projects of attractions; installation of the attractions, its testing; selection and cohesion of personnel (operators); security; establishing a clear workflow of the attractions. The interpretation of the word «organize» is analyzed, and it is suggested that the special subject of responsibility for the damage caused by the attractions to determine «the organizer of the attractions». It is noted that the actual ownership of the attractions is carried out by persons who can be divided into two categories: the owner of the attractions and the organizer of the attractions. At the same time, when the owner uses the attractions in his activities, he also becomes the organizer. The features of the attractions organizer are highlighted and the author’s definition of the term «the attractions organizer » is proposed.
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