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EN
Stratification of the cemetery’s space reflects the social structure of the city, revealing an internal hierarchy, the worldview and the tastes of the inhabitants. The message that a headstone conveys is a resultant of the communication intended by those who commissioned it and the historical context. The means of visual expression, as well as the nature of the embellishments are the necessary tools for its reading. This text is concerned with the possibilities of analysing and interpreting historical forms found at the Jewish cemetery in Łódź, taking into account the time when they were created, the location, the patron and the historical context.
EN
The first church of St Bernardine in Stradom, at the foot of the Wawel Hill, was founded by Zbigniew and Jan Oleśnicki after 1453.  The history of the church is inextricably linked to the tomb of blessed Simon of Lipnica and his worship.
PL
Pierwszy kościół św. Bernardyna na Stradomiu, u stóp wzgórza wawelskiego, powstał z fundacji braci Zbigniewa i Jana Oleśnickich po 1453 roku.  Z historią kościoła nierozerwalnie związane są dzieje nagrobka bł. Szymona z Lipnicy i kultu błogosławionego.
PL
Dziś miejsce bitwy stoczonej pod Ostrołęką 26 maja 1831 r. to swego rodzaju palimpsest wydarzeń zapisywanych w przestrzeni w minionych 180 latach. W artykule przedstawiono kolejne działania podejmowane w miejscu walk w kontekście zmiennych uwarunkowań historycznych. Omówiono następujące po sobie przekształcenia w krajobrazie, od umieszczania drobnych form upamiętniających obie walczące strony, poprzez budowę fortu, aż do skomplikowanych dziejów ponad 80 lat budowy mauzoleum. Ślady niektórych z nich zostały zatarte w wyniku kolejnych działań, inne współtworzą obecny obraz przestrzenny. Wszystkie przynależą do kultywowanej przez mieszkańców Ostrołęki pamięci miejsca, istotnego elementu dziedzictwa historycznego, sprzyjającego budowaniu lokalnej tożsamości.
EN
Nowadays the site of the battle which was fought at Ostrołęka on the 26th of May 1831 constitutes a kind of a palimpsest of the written in space events that took place within the past 180 years. In the article the subsequent operations taken in the site of battles, in the context of changeable historical determinants, have been presented. The following changes in the countryside, starting from placing tiny elements commemorating both fighting parties, through the building of the fort, up to the complex over eighty-year long operations related to the construction of the mausoleum – all of them have been described in the article. The traces of some events faded as a result of subsequent operations, some others create together the present space of the site. All of them belong to the memory of place, tended by Ostrołęka inhabitants, the site which constitutes a significant element of the historical heritage, which results in creating the local identity.
PL
Tematem artykułu jest neogotyckie mauzoleum w Jałowcu (Wingendorf) projektu Carla Johanna Lüdeckego (1826–1894), które pozostaje w twórczości architekta wyjątkowym przykładem połączenia form architektonicznych i rzeźbiarskich z otaczającym krajobrazem. Omówiono w nim dwie wersje projektowe jałowieckiego założenia – z 1870 i 1881 r. – różniące się detalem rzeźbiarskim, zmienionym przez rodzinę fundatorów. Zrealizowana rzeźba przedstawiająca barona Roberta von Lachmanna odeszła od pierwotnie projektowanych treści laickich, narodowych na rzecz bardziej związanych z chrześcijańską duchowością. W artykule zarysowano również możliwe inspiracje oraz historyczne rozwiązania mauzoleów baldachimowych, a także przybliżono pozostałe realizacje i projekty dolnośląskiej architektury sepulkralnej Lüdeckego wraz z ich powiązaniami z otoczeniem. Efekt ścisłego zespolenia zieleni i przestrzeni wokół mauzoleum rodziny Lachmannów z jego architekturą i rzeźbą pozostaje do dziś, mimo znacznych zniszczeń, oryginalnym świadectwem estetyki epoki „wilhelmińskiej” na Dolnym Śląsku, a całość cennego zespołu, łącznie z otoczeniem, powinna podlegać ochronie.
EN
The neo-Gothic mausoleum in Jałowiec (Wingendorf) designed by Carl Johann Lüdecke (1826–1894) is a unique example of the union of architecture, sculpture and surrounding landscape in the Silesian province of the 2nd German Empire. Two versions of the Jałowiec project, from 1870 and 1881, varied in detail and symbolism, are discussed. Symbolic meanings of sepulchral sculpture designed by the architect had been changed by the family of baron von Lachmann. The final sculpture representing Robert baron von Lachmann did not have as much national and secular meaning as the design by the architect but more Christian aspects. The effect of close relations between the greenery and landscape space surrounding the graveyard with the mausoleum’s architecture still remains, despite large destruction, being an original example of aestethics of the “Wilhelminian” era in Lower Silesia and as such should be protected.
EN
Neoclassical mausoleum of Józef Fraget (1797-1867) commemorating a French industrial entrepreneur and the founder of the first factory of clad goods in Poland was constructed at Old Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw between 1867 and 1869 (quarter A, row I). The author of the torso is Leonard Marconi, and the mold is believed to have been made by the “Lilpop, Rau i Loewenstein” factory in Warsaw. The original project embraced only the top, cast iron part of the tomb in the form of Doric aedicule with entablature and triangular pediment as well as the marble torso placed on prism pedestal located among four columns. The bottom, stone part, was executed later, approximately in 1913 in Władysław Tuszyński stone enterprise. The Mausoleum of Fraget is a replica of the monument situated in Berlin at St. Doro-thy’s Cemetery commemorating Johann August Borsig (1804-1854), the owner of the well-established metal factory in Europe. Its designer was an architect from Berlin, an appren-tice of Schinkl, Johann Heinrich Strack, and the maker of the bronze torso mold was a sculp-tor Christian Daniel Rauch. Three other mausoleums originated from the same model: the Brand family mausoleum at the Metallurgical Cemetery in Gliwice, (between 1865 and 1890), Tomas Evans mausoleum at the Evangelical Reformed Cemetery in Warsaw (second half of the 60s. the XIX century, currently non-existent) and in its slightly modified form, the tomb of the architect J. H. Strack at the St Dorothy’s Cemetery in Berlin (1880-1882). All the above-mentioned mausoleums except the monument decorating the tomb of the architect Strack, commemorated personalities from metallurgical industry. The particularity of the mausoleum of Józef Fraget consists in the use of cast iron as the main constructing element. It is a distinctive feature differing the mausoleum in question from the remaining exemplary monuments made of stone.
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