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Chopin and Polish FOLK

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PL
Although Chopin’s music is continually analysed within the context of its affinities with traditional folk music, no one has any doubt that these are two separate musical worlds, functioning in different contexts and with different participants, although similarly alien to the aesthetic of mass culture. For a present-day listener, used to the global beat, music from beyond popular circulation must be “translated” into a language he/she can understand; this applies to both authentic folk music and the music of the great composer. In the early nineties, when folk music was flourishing in Poland (I extend the term “folk” to all contemporary phenomena of popular music that refer to traditional music), one could hardly have predicted that it would help to revive seemingly doomed authentic traditional music, and especially that it would also turn to Chopin. It is mainly the mazurkas that are arranged. Their performance in a manner stylised on traditional performance practice is intended to prove their essentially “folk” character. The primary factor facilitating their relatively unproblematic transformation is their descendental triple-time rhythms. The celebrations of the bicentenary of the birth of Fryderyk Chopin, with its scholarly and cultural events of various weight geared towards the whole of society, gave rise to further attempts at transferring the great composer’s music from the domain of elite culture to popular culture, which brings one to reflect on the role that folk music might play in the transmission and assimilation of artistic and traditional genres.
EN
In 19th-century Poland - under Russian, Prussian and Austrian rule at the time – the main goal of music was to promote revival and to stimulate patriotic feelings. Patriotic Polishness drawing on the country’s glorious past was to be the essence of music; modernity of the composer’s language was of secondary importance. Karol Szymanowski unceremoniously criticised this patriotic music as turned towards the provincial Polish tradition. According to Szymanowski, the criterion of Polish and at the same time “civilised musical art” was met only by Chopin. With the regaining of independence Polish art should free itself from patriotic didacticism and pay attention to aesthetic qualities, which was to eliminate the discrepancy between Polishness and Europeanness, between what was national and what was international, universal and European. The figure of Karol Szymanowski links our musical present, symbolised by the Warsaw Autumn International Festival of Contemporary Music, with the first years of independent Poland, for Warsaw Autumn realized Karol Szymanowski’s vision of modern Polish music. In this vision Polish music was a rightful element of European culture.
PL
W Polsce XIX wieku, znajdującej się pod zaborami Rosji, Prus i Austrii, zasadniczym celem muzyki było propagowanie odrodzenia oraz pobudzanie uczuć patriotycznych. Istotą muzyki miała być patriotyczna polskość, czerpiąca ze świetnej przeszłości, nowoczesność języka kompozytorskiego była zaś drugorzędna. Karol Szymanowski tę patriotyczną muzykę bezceremonialnie krytykował jako zwróconą ku prowincjonalnej polskiej tradycji. Kryterium polskiej, a równocześnie „cywilizowanej sztuki muzycznej” spełniał wedle Szymanowskiego wyłącznie Chopin. Wraz z odzyskaniem państwowości sztuka polska powinna uwolnić się od patriotycznej dydaktyki i zwrócić uwagę na jakości estetyczne, co miało skutkować znoszeniem podziałów między polskością a europejskością, między tym, co narodowe a tym, co międzynarodowe, uniwersalne, europejskie. Postać Karola Szymanowskiego wiąże naszą muzyczną współczesność, której symbolem jest Międzynarodowy Festiwal Muzyki Współczesnej „Warszawska Jesień”, z pierwszymi latami niepodległej Polski. Bo „Warszawska Jesień” zrealizowała Karola Szymanowskiego wizję nowoczesnej muzyki polskiej. W tej wizji muzyka polska była pełnowartościowym elementem kultury europejskiej.
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