In 2016, new remains of a stronghold in Northeastern Poland (Bornity, district Braniewo) was discovered. In a small area near Kierpajny Wielkie village, a quarter of an early Abbāsid dirham, a bronze spur, and a piece of ring of the Perm/Glazow/Duesminde type were found. Subsequent survey and excavations brought about interesting results. An analysis of the artefacts and the results of radiocarbon dating of charred wood used in the rampart construction indicate that the site was used in the late 9th and the first quarter of the 10th century. At this stage of explorations, it should be stated that the site is a significant venue on the settlement map of the 9th and early 10th centuries. Both the artefacts and the context allow to link them with the influence of the Janów Pomorski/Truso emporium.
The article is devoted to theoretical substantiation of the scientific nature of marketing during the exchange period of market transformations. The study proves that many researchers consider exchange to be a direct transaction of any tangible object, while marketing exchange is mostly indirect, and exchange items are intangible and symbolic.
UK
Стаття присвячена теоретичному обґрунтуванню наукової сутності маркетингу під час обміну в період ринкових трансформацій. За результатами дослідження доведено, що багатьма дослідниками обмін розглядається як пряма транзакція сторонами якихось відчутних об’єктів. Маркетинговий ж обмін, найчастіше, виявляється непрямим, а предмети обміну – невідчутними і символічними.
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