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EN
The article aims to answer several questions: can Polish national anniversaries (from the 19th Century to 1914) be treated as a medium of cultural memory? To what extent can the concept of cultural memory be a useful tool for analysing anniversaries? Do societies remember the national anniversaries, and how do they remember them? The starting point are the concepts of the cultural memory studies researchers. The discussion refers to the ideas on, inter alia, the ways in which cultural memory operates (including the concepts of Aleida Assman and Astrid Erll, as well as the analyses by Paul Connerton). Utilising these studies has enabled an illustration of the issues related directly to the conventions and indicators of anniversaries (here, especially: collective memory, cultural memory and canon, media of collective memory, myth and ritual, ceremonies of remembrance, cultural performances, popular literature / culture and the memory of cultures). Theoretical discussions have been based on examples from the second half of 19th Century and early 20th Century (the press, anniversary pamphlets, anniversary handbooks, printed annotations for transparencies, and finally series of slides). The proposed chronological framework has allowed a depiction of the constancy of commemorative rituals and an examination of specific displays of anniversary celebrations (for example, the cult of heroes of the sword – text dated 19th Century to early 20th Century; among others, Sobieski, Kościuszko, Mickiewicz, Słowacki).
EN
The purpose of the article is to show the specifics of the forest as a memorial site. The starting point is the story of the graves of Romuald Rajs "Bury’s" victims hidden in the forest. The issue of the location of their graves, and later – a form of commemoration, is an example of memory conflicts that often occur in areas with a complex history and heterogeneous ethnic structure, to which Podlasie belongs. The events of 1946 and their consequences for subsequent generations of the inhabitants of Hajnówka became the factual canvas for the crime story of Okularnik [The Mercedes W210] by Katarzyna Bonda, the interpretation of which is an essential part of the considerations contained in the article. The forest, due to its ambivalent attributes and cultural connotations, such as opacity, place of refuge/ threat, closeness/ strangeness, persistence/ changeability, turns out to be one of the key metaphors for describing difficult community memory, which it hides/ conceals and protects at the same time. The research perspective used in the article is memory studies. The category of necropolitics (within the meaning of Ewa Domańska) is also important.
PL
Celem artykułu jest pokazanie specyfiki lasu jako miejsca pamięci, a punktem wyjścia – historia ukrytych w puszczy mogił ofiar Romualda Rajsa „Burego”. Kwestia lokalizacji ich grobów, a później – formy upamiętnienia, stanowi przykład konfliktów pamięci, do jakich często dochodzi na terenach o złożonej historii i niejednorodnej strukturze etnicznej, a do takich należy Podlasie. Wydarzenia 1946 roku i ich konsekwencje dla kolejnych pokoleń mieszkańców Hajnówki stały się faktograficzną kanwą kryminału Katarzyny Bondy Okularnik, którego interpretacja stanowi zasadniczą część zawartych w artykule rozważań. Las, ze względu na swoje ambiwalentne atrybuty i kulturowe konotacje, takie jak nieprzejrzystość, miejsce schronienia / zagrożenia, bliskość / obcość, trwałość / zmienność, okazuje się jedną z kluczowych metafor służących opisaniu trudnej wspólnotowej pamięci, którą ukrywa / utajnia i zabezpiecza zarazem. Zastosowana w artykule perspektywa badawcza to pamięcioznawstwo, ważna jest również kategoria nekropolityki w wersji Ewy Domańskiej.
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