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1
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Why Would the Skalds Not Have Lied about the Rulers’ Expeditions and Battles? Some Remarks on a Relic of Medieval Attitude toward Sources in Modern Medieval Studies

100%
Rutkowski R.
Acta Poloniae Historica
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2021
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vol. 122
165-179
PL
The article presents a critique of a research method whereby historical sources could not have possibly lied as they were targeted at the addressees who knew the actual course of the events described or referred to. This attitude toward the sources has its antecedence in Snorri Sturluson’s argument on the reliability of skaldic poetry. To his mind, the poems were biased but still valuable, in a way, as they were declaimed before the rulers who would have perceived an untrue account “as a mockery, rather than a praise”. The question arises, what kind of a situation Snorri tried to preclude: one where a mean warrior would have been shown as a great hero? Or, perhaps, one where a defector would have been portrayed as a warrior bravely marching in the first rank? The story of Giffard from the Morkinskinna saga seems to offer the answer. Giffard fled from the battlefield but had a praise poem dedicated to him, which the (real) character aptly deciphered as derision aimed at him.
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Knižní kultura v pozdně středověkých Lounech a počátky tamní historiografie (do poloviny 16. století)

100%
Velička T.
Studie o rukopisech (Manuscript Studies)
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2018
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vol. 48
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issue 1
79-115
EN
In this study I focus on the reconstruction of the state of the book culture in medieval Louny. This is a closely related question ot the origin of the historiography here. Inicially, I outline the preconditions for reception of the book culture and pursue the milieus where books could be used. I also pay attention to the ancestors of the historiography in this town, which are in important precursor to their fully developed forms. Finally, I deal with the oldest annals that originated in Louny.
3

Chrystianizacja Połabia i Pomorza (X–XII w.). Zarys procesu oraz strategii i praktyki misyjnej. Część II

86%
Rosik S.
Historia Slavorum Occidentis
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2017
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issue 4 (15)
11-35
EN
This paper outlines the processes of Christianisation taking place in Polabia and Pomerania between the tenth and twelfth centuries. It looks at actions aimed at converting the communities and subsuming them under the structures of church organisation, closely related to the monarchy. These were shown on the basis of accounts that originated in milieus involved in the Slavonic missions: The Chronicle by Thietmar, the Bishop of Merseburg (d. 1018); The Chronicle of the Slavs by Helmold of Bosau (d. 1177); and the hagiography of St Otto of Bamberg (d. 1139), composed during two decades after his death and including St Otto’s report on his first Baltic mission from 1125.
4

Chrystianizacja Połabia i Pomorza (X–XII w.). Zarys procesu oraz strategii i praktyki misyjnej. Część I

86%
Rosik S.
Historia Slavorum Occidentis
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2017
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issue 3 (14)
68-88
EN
This paper outlines the processes of Christianisation taking place in Polabia and Pomerania between the tenth and twelfth centuries. It looks at actions aimed at converting the communities and subsuming them under the structures of church organisation, closely related to the monarchy. These were shown on the basis of accounts that originated in milieus involved in the Slavonic missions: The Chronicle by Thietmar, the Bishop of Merseburg (d. 1018); The Chronicle of the Slavs by Helmold of Bosau (d. 1177); and the hagiography of St Otto of Bamberg (d. 1139), composed during two decades after his death and including St Otto’s report on his first Baltic mission from 1125.
5

Kto był autorem "Epitome gestorum Prussie"?

86%
Zonenberg S.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2013
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vol. 78
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issue 4
85-102
EN
The subject of the dissertation is the question of who was the author of the work referred to as Epitome gestorum Prussie. To identify the author the entry under the year 1313 is used; it is written in the first person and gives information about receiving the position of a canon in Sambia, but it fails to provide the name or the ‘surname’. The question of the identification of the author gave rise to a debate. Max Perlbach suggests that the work could have been written by a dean Bertram, while Christian Krollmann maintains that it was a schoolman Konrad. Marzena Pollakówna did not support either of the sides, whilst Udo Arnold stated the dispute was hard to solve. Gerard Labuda put forward a completely new idea: having noticed a similarity between Epitome and the chronicle of Peter of Duisburg, he suggested that Peter of Duisburg might have been the author of the former book. At the same time he admitted that his supposition might turn out to be difficult to prove. Jarosław Wenta compared fragments of the chronicle of Peter of Duisburg and Epitome, which revealed that Peter knew Epitome. Next, he provided evidence proving that Peter was the author of the work under discussion. The evidence included: the existence of a canon named Peter the “Elder” in the Sambian chapter; Peter of Duisburg’s citations of Epitome; the fact that the canon Peter the “Elder” held the position of a judicial vicar and that the chronicle of Peter of Duisburg reveals that its author was conversant with the Sachsenspiegel [lit. „Mirror of the Saxons”]. Finally, the researcher stated that he had succeeded in proving that the author of Epitome, Peter the “Elder” and Peter of Duisburg were all the same person. Thanks to Radosław Biskup, we know that Peter the “Elder” was a Sambian canon is 1301, while linguistic research carried out by the author of this article reveals that spelling used in Epitome diff ers from the one employed in the chronicle of Peter of Duisburg. Thus, it is certain that Peter the “Elder” and Peter of Duisburg are not the same person; nor were they authors of Epitome. The author of the article points out other canons such as Jacob of Toruń/Bludau, Bertold, Alexander as possible authors of Epitome.
6
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The Platonic Concept of the Memory of Ancient Deeds in the Chronicles of Master Vincentius and Theodoricus the Monk

86%
Rutkowski R.
Acta Poloniae Historica
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2015
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vol. 112
EN
The article discusses the reception of the Platonic concept of memory of ancient deeds in twelfth-century historical writing in the ‘younger Europe’. It focuses on the myth of Atlantis, as described in the translation of Timaeus by Calcidius, illustrating the manner in which two twelfth-century chroniclers – Master Vincentius Kadłubek and Theodoricus Monachus – used the said myth as a structural basis for their accounts of the past of Poland and Norway, respectively. Both chroniclers invoke Plato’s idea of a memory of ancient past that survives through centuries without recourse to scripture and is the province not of the people whose history it concerns, but rather of one that is closely related, or, at times – of an older generation.
7
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Commenting on Historical Writings in Medieval Latin Europe: A Reconnaissance

86%
Kujawiński J.
Acta Poloniae Historica
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2015
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vol. 112
EN
Modern scholarship seems to undervalue medieval commentaries on historical writings. This article intends to bring this phenomenon to scholars’ attention by providing a preliminary overview of the forms and subjects of such commentaries. It examines various types of evidence including not only a few commentaries proper (Nicolas Trevet’s on Livy and John of Dąbrówka’s on Vincent of Cracow), but also different apparatus consisting of more or less systematic interlinear and marginal glosses and commentary-like additions to vernacular translations, mostly of Italian and French origin. It begins by considering various consultation-related signs and annotations, such as cross-references. Then, it studies the text-like features of sets of glosses (ascertained authorship and manuscript tradition) and briefly discusses some of their patterns of display as found in single manuscripts. Turning to the contents of commentaries, the article first touches upon introductions to the authors (accessus) and comments on the historians’ lives and the history of their writings. The article then discusses comments on different levels of meaning: first, explanations of grammatical forms, figures of speech, semantics of single words and entire fragments, then, different ways of exploring, or imposing, the inner senses of historical narration, mostly of an ethical nature. Finally, the text argues that among the different ways of expounding an historical account, comments on subject matter are especially worthy of attention from the perspective of the history of historical scholarship. Explanations of technical terms and place names often led to erudite digressions and revealed tensions between continuity and change. Expounding historical contents of entire fragments might include some elements of source criticism or tend towards a new historical synthesis. Medieval commentators were also able to read historical information beyond the factual account, often introducing subjects proper to antiquarian writings.
8
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Seksualność władców polskich w świetle Roczników Jana Długosza

72%
Obara-Pawłowska A.
Res Historica
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2021
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issue 51
EN
The article presents Jan Długosz’s views on sexual inclinations and practices of the Polish medieval monarchs, seen in terms of sinful behaviours. Juxtaposing the chronicler’s statements on the intimate sphere’s pathologies of the representatives of the Piast and Jagiellon dynasties is the starting point of conducted argumentations. Then, on the basis of the gathered material, the chronicler’s attitude towards these offences – i.e. debauchery, adultery, rapes, and sodomy/peccatum contra naturam – was examined. Thus understood sexuality of the rulers was studied in specific contexts, in which it was referred to in the Annals. This approach results from the nature of the work, which is not a fully credible source of knowledge on the topic of sexual activity in factual sense. As a historiographic work, the Annals – the author of which aimed at giving a moralising and didactic dimension – are, in turn, an excellent foundation for recognising the pattern of monarchical customs, postulated by the representative of the 15th-century Polish clergy. The conducted analysis also allowed to comment on the significance which the author assigned to information on the rulers’ certain inclinations in order to justify historiosophic vision presented in the work.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono zapatrywania Jana Długosza na skłonności i praktyki seksualne średniowiecznych władców polskich, postrzegane w kategoriach grzesznych zachowań. Punktem wyjścia prowadzonych rozważań jest zestawienie wypowiedzi dziejopisa na temat patologii sfery intymnej przedstawicieli dynastii piastowskiej i jagiellońskiej. Następnie, na podstawie zebranego materiału, przeanalizowano stosunek kronikarza do takich występków jak np. rozpusta, cudzołóstwo, gwałty, sodomia/peccatum contra naturam. Tak pojętą seksualność panujących badano w określonych kontekstach jej przywołania na kartach Roczników. Podejście takie wynika z charakteru dzieła, które nie stanowi w pełni wiarygodnego źródła wiedzy na temat aktywności seksualnej w sensie faktograficznym. Roczniki jako utwór historiograficzny, którego autor dążył do nadania wymiaru moralizatorsko-dydaktycznego, stanowią za to doskonałą podstawę dla poznania wzorca obyczajowości monarszej, postulowanej przez przedstawiciela XV-wiecznego duchowieństwa polskiego. Przeprowadzona analiza pozwoliła również wypowiedzieć się na temat znaczenia, jakie kronikarz przypisywał informacjom o określonych skłonnościach panujących dla uzasadnienia wizji historiozoficznej prezentowanej w dziele.
9
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Jak opowiedzieć o zwycięstwie nad Cezarem? Próba nowego spojrzenia na przekaz Mistrza Wincentego (I, 17)

72%
Rutkowski R.
Kwartalnik Historyczny
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2019
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vol. 126
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issue 3
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest opowieść Mistrza Wincentego Kadłubka o potrójnym zwycięstwie Lestka III nad Juliuszem Cezarem i założeniu w Polsce dwóch miast przez siostrę tego ostatniego. Posługując się materiałem porównawczym, dowodzę, że opowieść ta została zbudowana z wędrownych motywów literackich, by pokazać niezależność Polski od Cesarstwa.
EN
The article deals with the story of Master Vincentius Kadłubek about the triple victory of Prince Lestek III over Julius Caesar and the foundation of two towns in Poland by the sister of the latter. With the use of comparative material, it is proved that this story was built on the basis of travelling literary motifs to show Poland’s independence from the Empire.
10
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O trzęsieniach ziemi w średniowieczu i ich badaniu. Wokół pracy Konrada Schellbacha Erdbeben in der Geschichtsschreibung des Frühund Hochmittelalters. Ursprung, Verständnis und Anwendung einer spezifisch mittelalterlichen Traditionsbildung

72%
Krawiec A.
Kwartalnik Historyczny
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2022
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vol. 129
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issue 3
697-718
EN
The main subject of the article is Konrad Schellbach’s monograph devoted to how the phenomenon of earthquakes was conceptualised in Latin historiography between the late eighth and the mid-thirteenth centuries. The main assumptions of the book and the effects of their implementation are critically analysed, with special attention paid to the selection of the content under study, as well as the possibility of source verification of the theses put forward by the Author. The book is discussed within the broader context of research into old seismic phenomena.
PL
Głównym tematem artykułu jest monografia Konrada Schellbacha poświęcona sposobowi konceptualizacji fenomenu trzęsienia ziemi w dziejopisarstwie łacińskim od końca VIII do połowy XIII w. Została ona omówiona na szerszym tle problematyki badań nad dawnymi zjawiskami sejsmicznymi. Krytycznej analizie poddane zostały założenia pracy oraz efekty ich realizacji, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem doboru analizowanych treści, a także możliwości źródłowej weryfikacji tez, stawianych w pracy przez Autora.
11
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Historiograficzne inicjatywy związane z odnowieniem Królestwa Polskiego

72%
Drelicharz W.
Historia Slavorum Occidentis
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2023
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issue 1(36)
55-68
EN
The unification and revival of the Polish Kingdom in the late 13th and the early 14th centuries, an event of great political significance, was accompanied by a remarkable development of medieval Polish historiography. It was the first time that historiographic works covered so many parts of Poland, almost simultaneously. In the chronicles produced at that time, great significance was attached to the reasons for the division of the Polish Kingdom, as well as identifying the prince who had the right to unite the Polish state and finally legitimise the royal power. This issue was equally addressed by hagiographical and strictly historiographic works (yearbooks and chronicles). This article deals with devising an ideological programme for the unification of Poland and discusses the various historiographic works in which this programme, formulated in different ways, was taken up. In the case of historiography, the political importance of the revival of the Polish Kingdom is evident both in the number of works on political themes and in the fact that unification ideas appeared several decades before the royal coronation of Vladislaus the Short, which sealed the process, as well as during the unification struggle, and even after the actual revival of the regnum Poloniae.
12
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Rex Gulring nomine (Chronicon Thietmari 7.38)

58%
Malinowski G.
Orbis Linguarum
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2019
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issue 53
177-189
EN
When in the seventh book of his Chronicle Thietmar presents the events of year 1016, in his description of events in England he reverts to the year 1014, when Æthelred the Unready II decided to destroy the earthly remains of Sweyn Forkbeard, buried in Gainsborough in Lincolnshire. However, the corpse of Sweyn was sent back to Denmark by his fiends and Thietmar constructs this expedition as a journey towards the far north. He presents the constellations of the northern sky and then turns to a description of the Scythians who inhabit northern land. After this description Thietmar unexpectedly turns to a brief account about one of the rulers of that country, named Gutring. However, we do not know of any Scandinavian king of that name in any kingdom. The reading Gutring, which is followed by all later editors and translators was proposed by Lappenberg in his 1839 critical edition of Thietmar’s works. But the analysis of the Dresden codex clearly indicates that the name was originally written as Gulring, which is an Old Norse name or sobriquet gullhringr, ‘gold ring’, ‘gold hoop’. The Gulring mentioned by Thietmar is in all likelihood Ring Dagsson Gabarin (964-post 1018), the King of Hedmark. The identity of the King Gulring described by Thietmar was already established in the 18th century, but because of the fact that in 1839 Lappenberg spoiled Thietmar’s text by changing the correct spelling of the Norse leader Gulring to Gutring, this identification was neglected and then forgotten by modern scholars.
13
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Gall, Kosmas, Nestor: ustanawianie tradycji o początkach państwa i jego chrystianizacji

58%
Cetwiński M.
Klio Polska. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Historiografii Polskiej
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2018
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issue 10
PL
Artykuł analizuje konsekwencje niedocenianych w literaturze faktów, jakimi są duże odstępy czasu dzielące znane nam kopie kronik od ich zaginionych oryginałów oraz równie wielki dystans między początkami państwowości i chrystianizacji Czech, Polski i Rusi a pojawieniem się miejscowego dziejopisarstwa. The article analyses the consequences of the fact – unappreciated in the literature on the subject – of large time intervals between the originals of chronicles and their copies known to us and a similar time distance between the beginnings of the statehood and Christianisation of Bohemia, Poland, and Rus’, and the first local written chronicles.
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