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EN
Many Indian philosophers were seriously interested in some unusual experiencesand treated them as a reliable source of knowledge. Occurrence of the experienc-es was considered to be necessary and sufficient condition of liberation fromreincarnation in some streams of Indian philosophy. That seems to be the out-come of assigning the crucial religious function to meditation. Meditation wasbelieved to disclose objects existing independently of meditative activity and totransform mind in the way soteriologically desired. Few important distinctionsregarding Indian views on gnosis are discussed. Various positions regardingcontent of gnosis, verbalization of gnosis, relation between gnosis and reasoningare distinguished.
EN
The Theme of the Fountain-Wound in a Baroque Manuscript Meditation: The Impact of Iconography on PoetryBehind the foundation of the monastic meditation about fountains is a concrete devotional graphic from Western Europe. It is the Dutch emblem that is the key to the interpretation of the religious text, which uses words to directly refer to a specific image. These cultural correspondences constitute a curious phenomenon. They present the spirituality as well as the mentality of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century European society. This seems to confirm, at the same time, the fact that no artistic activity is ever isolated. Motyw fontanny-ran w barokowej rękopiśmiennej medytacji: wpływ ikonografii na poezjęU początków monastycznej medytacji o fontannie stoi konkretna dewocyjna grafika z Zachodu Europy. To holenderski emblemat, będący kluczem do interpretacji tekstu religijnego, posługującego się słowami w celu bezpośredniego odwołania do owego obrazu. Te kulturowe korespondencje stanowią ciekawe zjawisko. Odsłaniają duchowość i mentalność siedemnasto- i osiemnastowiecznego społeczeństwa europejskiego. Równocześnie zdają się potwierdzać fakt, iż żadna aktywność artystyczna nigdy nie jest izolowana.
Society Register
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2020
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vol. 4
|
issue 2
149-158
EN
The scale of disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic is expected to adversely affect the mental health of a large number of people. In this Note, the author shares her strategies for dealing with uncertainty and anxiety. Recounting her personal experiences, she reveals how simple breathing exercises and meditation practices helped her accept and respond to a traumatic experience as well as an unexpected illness. A number of studies appear to support the view that breathing exercises and meditation can help people manage anxiety. It is suggested that these studies highlight the relevance and value of these practices in the current distressing conditions.
EN
Introduction and aim. A symptom complex of cyclic irritability, depression and lethargy is known as the premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Since ages women suffered from PMS. As varied as the etiology, innumerable treatment modalities have been put forward for PMS. Stress is accompanied most closely associated in PMS. Practicing yoga and meditation significantly important for PMS symptoms in reducing its symptoms and period crams as well. The present study aims the impact of meditation in people with PMS. The aim of the study was to see any effect of Shavasana (meditation) training on stress parameters in premenstrual syndrome in female medical students. Material and methods. The present study was approved by institutional ethical committee. Thirty clinically healthy female medical students who were suffering from PMS selected using a premenstrual questionnaire. The values of heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and serum cortisol were measured before meditation. Subjects were then taken through Shavasana (meditation) session for 4 weeks at the same time daily. On the last day of meditation session all above parameters were again recorded and the data was analyzed statistically. Results. The baseline values of all parameters in premeditation session compared to post meditation session. The basal SBP, DBP and HR of female medical students with PMS were significantly higher in pre meditation session than post meditation session with p value of SBP=0.0002, DBP=0.0001, HR<0.0001 respectively which indicated the presence of stress. Following a 4 weeks of Shavasana meditation a significant fall in baseline SBP, DBP, HR and the serum Cortisol value was observed. Conclusion. These findings proves that Shavasana is an effective treatment modality to get rid of stress during premenstrual phase
PL
The article offers a broad overview of Nam-June Paik’s ideas of the expansion of video arts interpreted in the light of Zen Buddhism. His works recognized as the most significant examples of his marriage between the art theory and practice are marked by a thought-provoking vision of participatory culture, communicated in-between the networks in the post-industrial society. Our purpose is to reexamine his attitude to TV culture in the oscillation between Western and Eastern gaze considered in connection to the problems of emptiness and meditation drawn from Zen religious beliefs. In discussing his installations there is special stress to reconstruct his inner-insight into the subject of seeing and watching inscribed in a closed-circuit of the communication network.
EN
A syncretic yogic instruction in Carakasanhita (Śārīrasthāna 1.137-155): Śārīrasthāna (ŚS) .1137-155, contained in Book 4 of the Ćarakasaṃhitā (1st century BCE - 2nd century CE), is a short treatise on yoga presented for āyurvedic purposes. In its yogic interpretation, the work comprises the Upaniṣads, the Mahābhārata, some Sāṃkhya's and Vaiśeṣika's notions as well as the meditative interpretation present in the Buddhist tradition. The ŚS gives a threefold path (ayana) leading to mokṣa (ŚS 150-151), the state of supreme brahman with which the conscious being, bhūtātman, becomes one (ŚS 155): yoga, smṛti, and sāṃkhya. The path to liberation is based on yoga, which is the reinforcement of the manas in the ātman (ŚS 138) and the stopping of sufering by breaking the connection between the erroneous identification of ātman with manas and the senses (ŚS 138-139). On the path of yoga, a powerful eight-fold magical power (eight siddhis) is created through which the yogi is able to overcome external adversities (ŚS 140-141). In the next step, the recognition of the one's true identity - according to the sāṃkhya - is made through buddhi by the power of jñāna (ŚS 152-153). However, in order for this recognition to be realized, the state of purity of sattva (ŚS 141) must first appear, induced by the practice of the eight-step smṛti realized by eighteen perfections (ŚS 143-147).
EN
Neuropsychological findings suggest that mindfulness state (meditation state) can be shown as higher state of consciousness, which differs from relaxation state (requires much more energy) and alertness (domination of parasympathetic activation). At the higher level of meditation (low demand for energy), there occur increased activation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), left insula and striatum, and reduction of activation of the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and parietal cortex. Meditation plays an important role in top-down switching (early noticing of the stimulus – 100 msec. after appearance of the stimulus) and maintenance of the attention (dealing with mind wandering). Crucial mechanisms occurring during meditation states are: vertical synchronization of brain steam, limbic system and neocortex (higher attention of stimuli), bilateral hemispheric activation (deeper insight on negative emotions and unconsciousness) and domination of gamma band fluctuations (high speed of information propagation). Specificity, functions and mechanisms occurring in meditative states have a positive influence on many aspects of the humane life (bodily regulation, attuned communication, emotional balance, fear extinction, response flexibility, insight, empathy, intuition and morality).
PL
Wyniki neuropsychologicznych badań nad uważnością zdają się dowodzić, że stan medytacyjny może być rozumiany jako wyższy stan świadomości, który istotnie różni się od stanu odpoczynku i relaksacji (podczas niego wymagany jest duży wysiłek) oraz stanu czuwania (dominacja aktywacji parasympatycznej). W zaawansowanych stadiach medytacji (niskie wydatkowanie energetyczne) występuje wzmożona aktywacja kory przedniej części zakrętu obręczy (anterior cingulate cortex – ACC), lewej części wyspy (left insula) i prążkowia (striatum) oraz redukcja aktywacji bocznych części kory przedczołowej (lateral prefrontal cortex – lPFC) i kory ciemieniowej (parietal cortex). Medytacja odgrywa ważną rolę w procesach dowolnego włączania (switching, tj. wczesne zauważanie sygnałów do 100 milisekund od pojawienia się bodźca) oraz podtrzymywania uwagi (maintenance, tj. radzenie sobie z wędrówką myśli). Kluczowymi mechanizmami występującymi podczas stanów medytacyjnych są: wertykalna synchronizacja pnia mózgu, systemu limbicznego i kory nowej (poszerzony dostęp do bodźców), bilateralna aktywacja hemisferyczna (wgląd w negatywne emocje i nieświadomość) oraz dominacja szybkich fal gamma (szybkość propagacji informacji). Specyfika, funkcje i mechanizmy występujące podczas stanów medytacyjnych świadczą o tym, że treningi medytacji wpływają pozytywnie na wiele aspektów życia człowieka (takich jak regulacja procesów cielesnych, dostrojona komunikacja, równowaga emocjonalna, elastyczność odpowiedzi, empatia, wgląd, wygaszanie lęku, intuicja i moralność).
Studia Religiologica
|
2013
|
vol. 46
|
issue 3
187–191
EN
The aim of this article is to present the literature with the purpose of exploring the spiritual elements of mindfulness as they may be integrated into practice. Mindfulness meditation can foster an increased sense of spirituality by disengaging from a narrow self-focus, and engaging a much broader view of interconnectedness in which oneself is not seen as separate from other people and the world. Integrative theoretical framework of self-awareness, -regulation, and -transcendence (S-ART) explains the mechanisms of mindfulness. The proposed framework informs research in the contemplative sciences about definition, typology, structure, function, correlates and dynamics of spirituality, meditation, contemplation and mystical experiences
PL
Wykazano, że medytacja i modlitwa kontemplacyjna uspokajają mózg, poprawiają zdrowie i relaks, zwiększają zdolności poznawcze i koncentrację itp. W niniejszym artykule chcielibyśmy przedstawić proces odwrotny, czyli wpływ wypoczętego mózgu na praktykę medytacji i modlitwy kontemplacyjnej. Na podstawie badania (wywiadów) osób regularnie medytujących i praktykujących modlitwę kontemplacyjną pokażemy, czy odpoczynek, jakość snu i czas poświęcony na praktykowanie modlitwy kontemplacyjnej lub medytacji mają wpływ na rezultaty, jakie przynoszą te dwie aktywności. Wreszcie pokażemy, czy związek między odpoczynkiem a modlitwą kontemplacyjną lub medytacją jest procesem jedno- czy dwukierunkowym.
EN
Meditation and contemplative prayer have been shown to calm the brain, improve health and relaxation, increase cognitive ability and concentration, etc. In this paper we would like to present the reverse process, namely the effects of a rested brain on the practice of meditation and contemplative prayer. Based on a survey (interviews) of people who regularly meditate and practice contemplative prayer, we will show whether rest, sleep quality, and time spent practicing contemplative prayer or meditation have an impact on the results that these two activities bring. Finally, we will show whether the relationship between rest and contemplative prayer or meditation is a one-way or two-way process.
PL
Sformułowano hipotezę, że uwagę postmedytacyjną osób, które osiągnęły wprawę w medytowaniu, cechuje stosunkowo szeroki zakres i "czujność", objawiająca się relatywnie głębokim, semantycznym przetwarzaniem informacji. Dla zweryfikowania tej hipotezy opracowano metodę mierzącą jednocześnie 1. Zakres uwagi (centrum vs. peryferia) 2. Poziom przetwarzania informacji (płytki - zmysłowy vs. głęboki - semantyczny). Konstrukcję metody oparto na zadaniu Stroopa (1935) oraz na zadaniu DIVA (Nęcka, 1994). Badano stany uwagi intensywnej (po czytaniu tekstu), ekstensywnej (po relaksacji) i post medytacyjnej (po medytacji Zen). Grupy kontrolne (relaksowana i skoncentrowana zadaniowo) różniły się istotnie na badanych wymiarach. Szerszy zakres uwagi cechował osoby zrelaksowane (z uwagą ekstensywną) i u nich także zaobserwowano zniesienie efektu Stroopa na skutek płytszego, zmysłowego przetwarzania informacji. Uwagę postmedytacyjną charakteryzował szerszy zakres w porównaniu z uwagą osób skoncentrowanych, ale mniejszy niż osób zrelaksowanych. Natomiast tak samo silne interferencje Stroopa z centrum i peryferii osób medytujących wskazują na stabilne, odzmysłowe i wolne od hamowania reakcje na bodźce niespójne. Wyniki poddajemy dyskusji z odniesieniem do badań neuropsychologicznych.
PL
Did the Buddha practice asceticism prior to his awakening? A critical analysis of the Māhasīhanāda Sutta from the Majjhima Nikāya: It is widely believed, that the Buddha practiced the most radical forms of asceticism and self‑mortification prior to his awakening. A critical analysis of the suttas depicting that crucial period of his life shows, however, that the only text which portrays the bodhisatta as a foremost ascetic is the Māhasīhanāda Sutta (MN 12/I, 68). The aim of this paper is to examine the issue of the authenticity of this text and thus to answer the question as to whether there is enough ground to claim that the Buddha was an ascetic at all. Through a comparative analysis, I show that the structure and content of the Māhasīhanāda Sutta cannot be reconciled with other suttas from the Majjhima Nikāya, which describe the bodhisatta’s path to awakening. I point out certain late features of the Māhasīhanāda Sutta. Then, through a comparative analysis I try to show that some parts of the Buddhist text may have been borrowed from the Jain  yāraṃga Sutta. Next, I attempt to reinterpret the term attakilamathānuyogo from the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta in such a way which will not pertain to asceticism. In the final part of the paper, I try to explain how the view that the Buddha was a foremost ascetic prior to his awakening could have arisen.
PL
Undifferentiating insight in the Chan Buddhist meditation and its early Buddhist analogies: In the paper a comparative analysis of Chan Buddhist meditation and the early Buddhist meditation has been conducted. In the first part the meditational instructions present in Zuochan yi and the corresponding texts of Chinese Buddhism have been demonstrated. Subsequently, based on those texts, the ideal type of Chan Buddhist meditation is created. The second part consists of the analysis of Aṭṭhaka‑vagga with the corresponding motifs from the other Pali Canon Suttas. The last part consists of a comparative analysis of the ideal type of Chan Buddhist meditation and meditation as shown in Aṭṭhaka‑vagga. The whole of the analysis aims at demonstrating the topos common for the early Buddhist tradition and Chan Buddhism.
EN
This paper examines philosophy as a way of life in a time of crisis by focusing on Buddhism, envisioned as a path exercising the faculty of “mindfulness.” From this standpoint of “Buddhist philosophy as mindful exercise,” and following the Kyōto School’s inspiration of engaging a dialogue with Western traditions, including modern psychology and medicine, the paper reflects upon the role of philosophy during this critical period. In response to the contemporary fragmentation of knowledge, it conceives creatively a set of core principles in the form of maxims – to be examined and adapted by each potentially interested individual – as tools to retain vital information, organize reflection, and reorient one’s attention and destiny. Structured according to the Buddhist categories of view, meditation, and conduct, this collection of maxims serves to articulate the organic movement that goes back and forth between the distinctions made in philosophical discourse and the unity of lived philosophy.
EN
The first and second parts of the study present a short overview of research in Cassian’s biography and works. In 2012 P. Tzamalikos published his edition of a Greek text by Cassian and proposed a hypothesis about its author writing in Greek in the 6th century. Taking into account the first responses to the hypothesis (by A. Casiday and C. Stewart), the study recapitulates the research in Cassian’s biography with its lacunae and many hardly traceable details. In this regard, “reading Cassian” means looking for his place in the Christian and cultural history. The third part recalls usual reading of Cassian’s texts, especially doctrinal themes connected with the so-called Semipelagianism. The fourth part deals with reading the Bible. Close reading of Cassian’s Collatio 14 makes us to correct or develop our approach to the theory of four senses of Scripture presented here: it should not be seen as a mechanistic way of explaining every place in the Bible by everyone. Cassian insists on the fundamental relation between the ability to grasp the deeper senses of Scripture and the internal life of a reader. Then the senses need time to mature like some old wine. We read Cassian’s words as a call for multifold personal meditation, the first step of public/ecclesiastic exegesis that will follow after years of repeated reading and ascetic experience.
Teologia i Moralność
|
2013
|
vol. 8
|
issue 1(13)
159-178
EN
Meditation groups developing according to J. Main's teaching become an opportunity for a deeper analysis of this proposal and its assessment in the light of Christian doctrine, as well as for examination from the perspective of religious and psychological studies. The starting point for the discussion on this topic was the publication of E. Christie's „Christian Meditation in schools. A guide for teachers and parents", distributed by the Polish milieu of The World Community for Christian Meditation (WCCM). The idea of ??meditation, in the reality of the modern world, especially in secularized societies, consumerist ones or only traditionally religious (oriented towards ritualism), is undoubtedly an important impulse in the field of contemplation. However, one cannot remain indifferent to the explicit or indirect borrowings from Buddhist and yogic practices that are present in the  teaching  of  WCCM.  Christian  spirituality  and  practices  of  the  Far  East  have,  in fact, a completely different basis (point of departure) and point of arrival. For people who are baptized, any prayer - including meditation, is a gift from God, a way to build a personal relationship with the Triune and the aim is to be in union with Him, still maintaining the autonomy and the identity of the two entities in this relation - God and man. Meanwhile, in Buddhist and yogic practices it is the human activity that is important (achieving a state of motionlessness, mastering one's thoughts, and actions of the body), and the target is defined as an experience of peace, harmony, unity with oneself, with the whole world, with the force of the  Universe. Therefore, it is difficult to learn something from these philosophical and religious traditions in the spiritual dimension, and in times of confusion and explicit promotion of New Age, practices related to it and contents arriving from the Far East, the attitude of Christians should be unequivocal. For this reason, the following postulates arise towards the WCCM milieu: a clear link between meditation and sacramental-ecclesial life; abandoning the practices of meditating together with Buddhists; purification of the teaching from the contents that suggest syncretism; renunciation of drawing from non-Christian spirituality; a deeper embedding of teaching in the doctrine and life of the Church.
PL
Powstawanie grup medytacyjnych działających na podstawie nauki J. Maina staje się okazją do głębszej analizy tej propozycji oraz jej oceny w świetle nauki chrześcijańskiej, jak również badań religioznawczych i psychologicznych. Punktem wyjściowym dyskusji na ten temat stała się w 2013 roku publikacja E. Christie Medytacja chrześcijańska w szkołach. Przewodnik dla nauczycieli i rodziców, rozpowszechniana przez polskie środowisko Światowej Wspólnoty Medytacji Chrześcijańskiej (WCCM). Idea medytacji stanowi niewątpliwie w rzeczywistości współczesnego świata, zwłaszcza w społeczeństwach zlaicyzowanych, konsumpcyjnych czy jedynie tradycyjnie religijnych (ukierunkowanych na rytualizm), ważny impuls w kwestii kontemplacji. Nie można jednak przejść obojętnie wobec wyraźnych lub pośrednich zapożyczeń z praktyk buddyjskich czy jogicznych, które są obecne w nauczaniu WCCM. Duchowość chrześcijańska i praktyki dalekowschodnie mają bowiem zupełnie inny punkt wyjścia i punkt dojścia. Dla ochrzczonych jakakolwiek modlitwa, w tym również medytacja, jest darem Boga, sposobem budowania osobistej relacji z Trójjedynym, a cel stanowi jedność z Nim, przy zachowaniu autonomii i tożsamości dwóch relacyjnych podmiotów – Boga i człowieka. Tymczasem w praktykach buddyjskich czy jogicznych istotna jest aktywność człowieka (dojście do bezruchu, zapanowanie nad myślami, działaniem ciała), a cel określony jest jako doświadczenie pokoju, harmonii, jedności ze sobą, całym światem, siłą wszechświata. W związku z tym trudno czegoś uczyć się w wymiarze duchowym od tych tradycji filozoficzno-religijnych, a w czasach zamętu i wyraźnej promocji New Age oraz związanych z tym praktyk i treści z Dalekiego Wschodu postawa chrześcijan winna być zdecydowanie jednoznaczna.Dlatego rodzą się następujące postulaty wobec środowiska WCCM: wyraźne powiązanie medytacji z życiem sakramentalno-eklezjalnym; zaniechanie praktyk wspólnych medytacji z buddystami; oczyszczenie nauczania z treści sugerujących synkretyzm; zaniechanie czerpania z duchowości niechrześcijańskiej; głębsze osadzenie nauczania w doktrynie i życiu Kościoła.
EN
The aim of this article is to present selected aspects of the biblical spirituality according to writings of Saint Ursula Ledóchowska. The Word of God has the central position in the spirituality of the Founder of the Congregation of the Ursuline Sisters of the Agonizing Heart of Jesus. Mother Ledóchowska is the author of Meditations, that contain considerations based on specific fragments of the Gospel, intended for each day of the year. Her Testament is also full of biblical references and permeated with the evangelical logic. According to Saint Ursula Ledóchowska the meditation of the Word of God in the spirit of faith enables us to learn more and get to know better the person of Jesus Christ and to deepen the relationship with Him. Mother Ledóchowska, by her attitude to the Holy Bible, was ahead of the Second Vatican Council’s time. All her life was an active exegesis of the words of Christ.
PL
Artykuł ma na celu ukazanie wybranych aspektów duchowości biblijnej w pismach św. Urszuli Ledóchowskiej. Słowo Boże zajmuje centralne miejsce w duchowości Założycielki Zgromadzenia Sióstr Urszulanek Serca Jezusa Konającego. Matka Ledóchowska jest autorką dzieła Rozmyślania, które zawiera rozważania oparte na poszczególnych fragmentach Ewangelii, przeznaczone na każdy dzień roku. Jej Testament jest również pełny odniesień biblijnych i przeniknięty logiką ewangeliczną. Według świętej Urszuli medytacja Słowa Bożego w duchu wiary pozwala lepiej poznać osobę Jezusa Chrystusa i pogłębiać z Nim więź. Matka Ledóchowska swoim podejściem do Pisma Świętego wyprzedziła II Sobór Watykański. Całe jej życie stanowiło żywą egzegezę słów Chrystusa.
EN
The aim of this article is to present selected aspects of the biblical spirituality according to writings of Saint Ursula Ledóchowska. The Word of God has the central position in the spirituality of the Founder of the Congregation of the Ursuline Sisters of the Agonizing Heart of Jesus. Mother Ledóchowska is the author of Meditations, that contain considerations based on specific fragments of the Gospel, intended for each day of the year. Her Testament is also full of biblical references and permeated with the evangelical logic. According to Saint Ursula Ledóchowska the meditation of the Word of God in the spirit of faith enables us to learn more and get to know better the person of Jesus Christ and to deepen the relationship with Him. Mother Ledóchowska, by her attitude to the Holy Bible, was ahead of the Second Vatican Council’s time. All her life was an active exegesis of the words of Christ.
EN
The dissertation presents a preliminary analysis of Pawel Ksawery Brzostowski’s Rozmyślanie na wsi w Turgielach – a work that has so far escaped the attention of researchers. It attempts to demonstrate that the meditation, rooted in the rhetorical tradition, bears at the same time certain features of the essay, constituting an interesting example of the author’s implementation of a new literary genre, which gained more and more popularity at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. Brzostowski left a rich, albeit not very original literary output. He used various forms of artistic expression. Rozmyślanie na wsi w Turgielach completes his previous achievements. Undertaking of a new challenge indicates the attitude of openness on the part of the writer, the readiness to experiment in the field of form and the willingness to broaden the limits of speech. It is also important for better understanding of the history of the essay in relation to Polish literature.
EN
The article points to a relationship between Mikołaj Mieleszko’s Nabożne westchnienia and meditations, and shows the meditative character of the baroque emblematic works. It also presents the division of the work into three books introduced by Mieleszko, which can be referred to the model of a three-stage mystical way to God (via purgativa, via illuminativa, via unitiva), used by St. Ignatius of Loyola (but knowing by Pseudo-Dionysius The Areopagite and fully expressed by St. Bonaventure). Moreover, it discusses the participation of human faculties in the emblems: memory, intellect, will, imagination, and feelings, which are so important for the act of meditation. Above all, emphasis is put on the goal of the reflections presented by Mieleszko in the subscriptio; they were supposed to touch the soul and convince one to a spiritual transformation. They were, therefore, just like meditations, a way of achieving inner growth.
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