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EN
Knowledge of folk medicine is still fragmented and not fully tested. Folk medicine are rural home remedies, which are based mainly on raw materials derived from the plant world, ergo of herbs, shrubs, bushes and trees, and vines, lichens and fungi. Wild plants and plants cultivated for this end. Folk medicine also includes prayers and songs to the saints responsible for the care and treatment of diseases and plagues. The image of this kind of treatment in public opinion, and also in many other backgrounds, is generally tight and shallow, distorted and heavily tendentious, which makes it false. Many of the ways to maintain health were written in contemporary literature, periodicals as well as in monographic publications worked out by ethnographers, sociologists and a very few doctors. Some of the contemporary knowledge has survived and is used in herbalism today.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia zakres badań nad roślinami stosowanymi w danej polskiej medycynie ludowej, które prowadzali pracownicy naukowi Studium, Oddziału i Wydziału Farmaceutycznego Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, następnie Akademii Medycznej, a od 2007 r. Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Poznaniu. W pracy nie uwzględniano zmian systematyki botanicznej i podano terminologię używaną przez autorów badań. Studia nad roślinami stosowanymi w dawnej polskiej medycynie ludowej były stałym elementem działalności naukowej poznańskiego Wydziału Farmaceutycznego w latach 1919-2015, jednak po 1989 r. stopniowo ustępowały miejsca badaniom roślin stosowanych w medycynie ludowej na innych kontynentach. Analizowane badania wskazują na stałą inspirację nauk farmaceutycznych medycyną ludową, choć nie wszyscy ich autorzy zdają sobie sprawę z etnogenezy swej działalności naukowej.
EN
This article focuses on the scope of research on plants used in the old Polish folk medicine, which were carried out by the Poznan Faculty of Pharmacy’s academic staff since 1919. Changes in botanical systematics were not included in the work and the terminology used by the authors of the research was given. Studies on plants used in the old Polish folk medicine contributed to the development of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences in 1919-2015, but after 1989 gradually gave way to investigations on plants used in folk medicine on other continents, especially Asia. Not all researchers were aware of the ethnogenesis of their research. The timeless influence of Polish medicinal plants and herbal medicines on learning was proved, but after 1989 gradually gave way to the study on plants used in folk medicine on other continents.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono analizę historiografii polskich badań etnograficznych z zakresu tradycyjnej ukraińskiej medycyny w drugiej połowie XlX–na początku XX wieku. Na podstawie wiadomości z literatury odtworzono proces powstawania i rozwoju zainteresowania polskich naukowców ukraińskim lecznictwem ludowym.
EN
The article contains historio-graphical analysis of Polish ethnographic researches of the folk medicine of Ukrainians from the second half of the XIX to the early XX century. The process of emergence and development of interest of Polish researchers in Ukrainian folk treatments is considered on the base of literature sources.
Polonica
|
2016
|
vol. 36
259-274
EN
Folk medicine, studied by ethnographers since the nineteenth century, is a part of folk culture and can only be investigated in its context. The article aims to depict how the presence of ethnomedicine is reflected in language on the level of the lexical system, and specifically in the dialect names of diseases. The author focused on just one group of names influenced by cultural factors, i.e. names determined by folk etiological beliefs. This category of names was discussed using the following examples: miesięcznik – the name of a children’s disease, boża kara, boża wola ‘epilepsy’, poszedło – a Kashubian name of epidemic infectious diseases, names connected morphologically with the verb strzelać, wąsak and related forms meaning ‘pain in the lower back’.
PL
Artykuł ukazuje ustawę o warunkach dopuszczalności przerywania ciąży z 1956 r. jako element walki z „babkarstwem” prowadzonej przez władze oraz przedstawicieli socjalistycznej medycyny. Dążąc do wyeliminowania tradycyjnych, ludowych praktyk medycznych oraz do objęcia zdrowia reprodukcyjnego kobiet naukowym nadzorem medycznym, władze PRL i sprzyjające im środowisko lekarskie oficjalnie ukazywali ustawę z 1956 r. jako prowadzącą do wyeliminowania nielegalnych i nieprofesjonalnych aborcji i dzięki temu chroniącą życie i zdrowie kobiet. Jednocześnie, przerywanie ciąży było ukazywane w debacie publicznej i w dyskursie medycznym jako skomplikowany zabieg medyczny, do którego zmedykalizowania i spatologizowania dążyli przedstawiciele socjalistycznej medycyny. Fight with granny midwives over women’s health: the medicalisation of abortion in socialist Poland (1950s and 1960s)In 1956 the communist state authorities liberalized the anti-abortion law that the Polish People’s Republic inherited from the interwar period. Using the rhetoric of women’s health and framing their decision as a safety measure, the legislators intended to curb the high number of clandestine abortion procedures performed outside the realm of socialist medicine. As I argue in my paper, in the official political and medical discourse abortion legislation passed in Poland in the 1950s constituted an element of the war against traditional medicine which was waged by the authorities of socialist Poland. One of the targets of this fight were “granny midwives”: traditional folk female healers who were helping peasant women in many aspects of their reproductive lives and who were customarily accused of performing high numbers of criminal abortions. Thus it was against these “granny midwives” that the socialist state had to fight over the life and health of Polish women. Presenting abortion as an intricate medical procedure whose success depended on the skills of a highly qualified and experienced personnel, socialist doctors and authorities did not only medicalise abortion, but also pathologised it, depicting the termination of a pregnancy as a disease requiring the care of a professional medical practitioner. What was also at stake at the fight against “granny midwives” was the shift from pre-modern, traditional healing practices to modern, scientific medicine that was regarded as a tenet of state socialism.
EN
This paper is interdisciplinary in its approach. Its objective is to present traditional and theological aspects of folk medicine, so closely related to the faith and devotion of the rural communities. The authors present a variety of folk therapeutic practices, diagnosis and etiology of diseased. They also analyse the intrinsic logic of the speech and gestures used in the healing actions. The authors try to identify the Christian and the pagan (including magical) elements used in the healing rites and show the importance of folk medicine for theology as an academic discipline but also for the pastoral practice of the Church.
PL
Artykuł traktuje o opiece medycznej, w tym o rozwoju medycyny ludowej w warunkach więziennych w latach 1944–1956. Jej rozwój był spowodowany kilkoma problemami: niskim stanem higieny więźniów i powszechnie panującym brudem w zakładach karnych, brakiem szpitali i ambulatoriów oraz lekarstw i personelu medycznego, w końcu polityką komunistów wobec więźniów, w tym tzw. antypaństwowych (czyli więźniów politycznych, którzy stanowili około 30–35% wszystkich skazanych). Komunistom nie zależało na ich leczeniu. Choroby i dolegliwości, nieleczone, były jedną z kolejnych represji wobec uwięzionych w zakładach karnych, obozach pracy przymusowej i ośrodkach pracy więźniów. Diseases and their treatment in Stalinist prisons and camps in Poland in the years 1944–1956In post-war Stalinist prisons and labour camps in Poland (to 1956) several diseases and ailments were treated with the help of the so-called folk or traditional medicine. Inmates, with all means at their disposal, tried to treat themselves as efficiently as possible, for example curing scabies with their own urine, a toothache and scurvy with garlic, or hyperacidity with chalk and lime scratched off walls. They could also soothe the itching in infestation with lice and ailments in furunculosis. But they could do nothing in the case of epidemic of typhus, tuberculosis, and venereal diseases. Only in 1945 ca. five thousand inmates went down with typhus. In the labour camp of Świętochłowice– Zgodna at least 1855 inmates died of diseases. Surgeons, feldshers, and other medical personnel were helpless in the face of diseases and epidemics in prisons and camps. Medical treatment, when it was possible, was hampered by dirt, insects, chronic shortages of food and medicines. This was further enhanced by a small number of hospital beds, but first of all by insufficient number of medical staff. Only a handful of surgeons decided to treat inmates.
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