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EN
Faced with Covid-19 people are overwhelmed with information coming from governmental or health care sources but also from social media and digital communication platforms. The Internet and especially social media are often inundated with unreliable or even false information regarding COVID-19 and vaccination against it. This seriously impacts the public health, since misinformed people may be hesitant towards the health-related measures enforced by the governments and health authorities, which, in turn, contributes to their vaccine hesitancy.The aim of the paper is to investigate the Internet memes created and popularized in Poland by supporters and opponents of COVID-19 vaccinations. The data for the study include memes published between December 2020 (vaccinations become available in Poland) to May 2021 and comes from the most popular, publicly accessible social networks and meme pages with the greatest number of followers. The content analysis relays on such variables as whether the meme is pro- or antivaccine, what persuasive appeals (emotion, fear, rationality) are used, number of reactions andshares. Additionally, the analysis looks at the thematic content of the memes and tries to specify whether the pro- and anti-vaccination memes contain more gist than verbatim information. The analysis aims to define persuasion methods that pro-vaccine and anti-vaccine groups use in their memes.
2
88%
Studia Religiologica
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2012
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vol. 45
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issue 3
183–201
EN
The present paper proposes a paradigm to understand the evolution of religious behaviour specifically Jewish religious practice. The theoretical framework rests upon a combination of reciprocal altruism, costly signal theory and cognitive dissonance. It assumes evolutionary theory in general and mimetic evolution in particular. It is unique to the degree that it is authored by an evolutionary psychologist who is also a rabbi. We present the foundations of the three bio-psychological theories; and address Dawkins’ and Dennett’s theories of the scientific study of religion as well as some of the reservations. Finally, we examine briefly certain Jewish rituals in light of the model presented.
3
88%
EN
The aim of the article was to analyze humorous content that relates to the COVID-19 pandemic of SARS-CoV-2. The main part of the text was preceded by an analysis of the literature on the subject of the meaning of humor in human life, including coping with it in difficult situations. When proceeding to the implementation of the presented article, the slogan “# stay at home” was followed. Therefore, to achieve this goal, online resources were used. The literature on the subject was searched using the popular scientific search engine Google Scholar, while humorous content related to the coronavirus was obtained through social and information portals. The subject matter is close to its author because he himself struggled with coronavirus infection and humor no doubt helped survive the hard moments.
EN
The paper deals with different possibilities of using humor in Internet memes to enrich teaching culture to students of diverse backgrounds. Selected examples of image macros connected with particular holidays celebrated in Poland were analyzed and presented as a potential illustrative material for discussions about various, sometimes even sensitive subjects such as religion or taboos. The deciphering of understatements and overstatements included in the humorous genres gives an insight into social, political, economic and historical knowledge about particular cultures. Visually attractive material may serve as an inspiration for debates and jocular form of examples makes the intercultural communication easier and learning more rewarding.
EN
The article deals with the issue of Internet memes concerning politics. Internet memes can be described as humorous contents that are created and shared via Internet. They can be regarded as one of the ways of commenting on political reality, available to ordinary people. In the article examples of situations when activities of politicians received responses from Internet users using Internet memes have been presented. According to the main hypothesis, these entertaining contents can be regarded as examples of political activity of the Poles on the Internet.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy zagadnienia memów internetowych odnoszących się do polityki. Memami internetowymi można określić humorystyczne treści, które są tworzone i udostępniane przez internautów. Można je uznać za jeden ze sposobów komentowania sytuacji politycznej, który jest dostępna dla „zwykłych ludzi”. W  artykule przedstawione zostały przykładowe sytuacje, w których działania polityków spotykały się z odpowiedzią internautów przy użyciu memów internetowych. Zgodnie z główną hipotezą te rozrywkowe treści mogą być uznane ze przykład aktywności politycznej Polaków w Internecie.
EN
During the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic (February–July 2020) I collected 374 textual jokes, humorous images, and image macros related to the coronavirus from Belarusian social media, friends, and family members. Many of the examples in my dataset became local memes, circulating within and beyond the Belarusian mediascape. While the Belarusian government’s dismissive response to the pandemic was unique among the Eastern European nations, only 34 of my examples referred specifically to the situation in Belarus. Many more examples addressed such issues as living under a lockdown, compulsory mask wearing, and distant working and learning, even though these measures were not implemented in the country on a mass scale. This incongruity between people’s lived experience in Belarus and the content of humorous folklore circulating in the country illustrates the influence of global media coverage on vernacular humorous expressions. These vernacular expressions point to strong connections between the Belarusian mediascape and those of other countries, especially Russia, from where many of the examples originated. The paper also reflects a broader issue of globalization and digitalization of contemporary folklore, discusses the phenomenon of newslore and illustrates how some of the common characteristics of folklore can be applied to the digital forms of vernacular expression. The paper also looks at the balance between global and local in the online folklore.
EN
This study examines the phenomenon of social media segments functioning, focused on the presence of high-quality author’s visual content in publications. It is the originality of the visual accompaniment of posts that becomes the basis for the popularity of the resource. It sets such a trend as the autonomous power of images in communication and giving a chance for the development of “pictorial” information exchange. The study analyzed the publication of the Russian popular science community “Educator” (“Ovrazovach”) on the social network “VK”. The main findings of the study is: 1) there is an autonomy of images and their independency in the process of creating interest to resource for audience; 2) the analysis of comments reveals a reduction of the content side of the popular science public; 3) user comments show the preservation of a high percentage of text messages, but this comments are related the picture, not on a scientific event. The authors believe that the phenomenon of autonomization of original images requires a detailed analysis on a wider number of examples.
EN
Almost all scientific disciplines have been researching humour since ancient times, so that the impression can arise that it has been thoroughly examined and explained. The number of publications on the subject „humour“, which has been increasing for many decades, registers differentiated approaches to various aspects of humour such as its manifestations, functions, means an mechanism, which can be reflected both on the linguistic level and on the visual level. Since humour is also regarded as a social phenomenon, the social context and the current refernce to reality should also be taken into account when examining it. The anthology „Mit Humor ist nicht immer zu spaßen. An der Grenze von Spaß und Ernst“ by Iwona Wowro und Mariusz Jakosz (eds.) provides seventeen contributions whose authors follow these starting points in their analyses and deal with humorous texts realized orally and linguistically.
EN
The aim of the paper is to show the Polish story of the COVID-19 pandemic as seen through a humorous looking glass. Different stages of coronavirus presence in the media and social discourse have been accompanied by the appearance and development of jokes and memes, which illustrate the rapidly changing pandemic situation. The database consists of over three hundred memes, movies, and comments collected between February and May 2020, during the pandemic humour peak, and come mainly from private WhatsApp and Facebook accounts of the researchers. The humorous material is related to introduced restrictions, changing laws, parliamentary elections, news from other affected countries as well as seasons and festive times – especially Easter – occurring in the same period of time. The universal themes present in the humorous material travelling around the world are complemented by the strictly culturally immersed topics, reflecting the specific social and political situation in Poland. The analysis undertaken in the article focuses on various kinds of mechanisms which involve intertextuality (allusions) as well as complexity of references that function as sources of humour, with special attention being paid to cultural references, for example, films, paintings, references to political life, including those of the life under socialism as well as universal themes, such as animal memes.
Human Affairs
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2015
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vol. 25
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issue 2
189-203
EN
The study focuses on the phenomenon known as internet memes and their possible use in the creation and re-creation of media discourse. The main materials used are photos of Vladimir Putin and the famous Situation Room photo released by the White House. The stance taken in the study is based on the familiar and simple assumption that thanks to the new media we are facing the end of classical photography, sometimes described as the post-photography era. In post-photography, the connotations and context are more important than the content itself. Internet memes, a phenomena typical for the new media, can then also be used in a political context, where the “original” photographs of politicians and political events, usually officially released by PR departments, are altered not only to change the content, but above all the connotations. While regarded by most as jokes and puns, user-generated re-interpretations of Vladimir Putin and Obama’s war on terror can also have deeper meanings and impacts
Adeptus
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2014
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issue 4
86-103
EN
The aim of this article is to show the forms of promotion and distribution of the Wielkopolska dialect on the Internet. The sources that were used in this study are interviews with respondents residing the międzychodzki district, a survey conducted among young people speaking this dialect and the most popular Internet forms, which affect the behavior of the dialect in the language of the younger generation of users. The article describes: Internet memes, a social networks fanpage, dictionary entries in an electronic form, blogs, music promoted by websites, clothing, and everyday objects that are distributed on auction sites - the author takes into account the use of these forms in order to promote and disseminate the Wielkopolska dialect.
PL
Celem tego artykułu jest wskazanie sposobów promocji i dystrybucji dialektu wielkopolskiego w Internecie. Materiały użyte w tym studium pochodzą z wywiadów z informatorami zamieszkującymi w okolicach Międzychodu, ankiety przeprowadzonej wśród młodych osób używających dialektu oraz obserwacji najpopularniejszych form internetowych, które mają wpływ na zachowanie dialektu w języku młodego pokolenia użytkowników. W artykule opisano: internetowe memy, fanpage’e na portalach społecznościowych, ilustracje z hasłami słowniko­wymi, blogi, muzykę promowaną w sieci, ubrania i przedmioty codziennego użytku rozprowadzane na internetowych aukcjach. Autor bierze pod uwagę użycie tych form w celu promocji i upowszechniania dialektu wielkopolskiego.
EN
The article presents the changes taking place in journalism education in Ukraine. The article aims to establish the relevance of the content and eval-uation of professional cores of journalism education by participants in the educational process, as well as to rank the students’ interest in educational topics and media areas, explore students’ understanding of the profession of journalism, and necessary changes dictated by time and world order. The method of a pedagogical experiment was used to diagnose the priorities of journalism education in the conditions of intensifying information wars in the media direction, with the help of questionnaires, observations, and a de-scriptive method. The result of the research is the establishment of journalism education priorities, declared by future specialists in the field of media. Next is a discussion on the study the evolution of journalism education in the context of intensifying information wars and hostilities in Ukraine is in sight.
EN
Promoting the Wielkopolska dialect on the Internet. Research reportThe aim of this article is to show the forms of promotion and distribution of the Wielkopolska dialect on the Internet. The sources that were used in this study are interviews with respondents residing the międzychodzki district, a survey conducted among young people speaking this dialect and the most popular Internet forms, which affect the behavior of the dialect in the language of the younger generation of users. The article describes: Internet memes, a social networks fanpage, dictionary entries in an electronic form, blogs, music promoted by websites, clothing, and everyday objects that are distributed on auction sites - the author takes into account the use of these forms in order to promote and disseminate the Wielkopolska dialect. O promowaniu dialektu wielkopolskiego w Internecie. Raport z badańCelem tego artykułu jest wskazanie sposobów promocji i dystrybucji dialektu wielkopolskiego w Internecie. Materiały użyte w tym studium pochodzą z wywiadów z informatorami zamieszkującymi w okolicach Międzychodu, ankiety przeprowadzonej wśród młodych osób używających dialektu oraz obserwacji najpopularniejszych form internetowych, które mają wpływ na zachowanie dialektu w języku młodego pokolenia użytkowników. W artykule opisano: internetowe memy, fanpage’e na portalach społecznościowych, ilustracje z hasłami słowniko­wymi, blogi, muzykę promowaną w sieci, ubrania i przedmioty codziennego użytku rozprowadzane na internetowych aukcjach. Autor bierze pod uwagę użycie tych form w celu promocji i upowszechniania dialektu wielkopolskiego.
EN
Barack Obama is Brazilian by Emanuelle Oliveira-Monte suggests an interesting and original attempt to highlight the interconnections between political humour, race and gender, a stimulating area of study in humour research. The book explores the ways Brazilian media portrayed the former US president with a specific focus on political cartoons and internet memes. The election of an African-American president to the office of the most powerful country of the world had a tremendous impact on the collective unconscious of the African Diaspora worldwide and especially in Brazil; it also led some analysts to postulate that the US was entering a new post-racial era. President Barack Obama emerged as an open sign, as a symbol of hope and change not only in the US but also globally. This provocative monograph, an interdisciplinary study on comparative race relations, analyses Obama’s shifting portrayals and investigates how the election of the first black US president complicates Brazilians’ own racial discourses. The main question, around which the whole book is articulated, has to do with the meaning of Obama’s victory to Brazil, a country in which almost 54% of the population is of African origin. Did Obama’s victory eventually confirm or challenge Brazil’s racial relations imaginary?
15
Content available remote

Of Monsters and Men: The Aesthetics of the Alt-Right

75%
EN
In February 2016, the Institute for Falsification researched the production of fake news in Veles, North Macedonia. Focusing on a specific hoax distributed from Veles via social media, this article analyses the political and aesthetic effects of fake news. It argues that fakes and hoaxes (mis)use established references to renew pre-existing discourses, media techniques, and symbols. The present definition of fakes is therefore insufficient for these practices.
EN
Restrictions and special measures were imposed around the world to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus, one of the most important of which was certainly the reorganization of learning and work as a home-based activity. During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, schools in Estonia remained closed from 16 March 2020 until the end of the schoolyear; further periods of countrywide distance learning were imposed also throughout the 2020/2021 schoolyear. The new way of life that accompanied the special situation was also reflected in widespread folklore, including internet memes. Defining memes as “(post)modern folklore” that expresses and shapes shared norms and values within communities, my article analyses the depiction of distance learning in Estonian memes, highlighting different points of view: the position of the students, the teachers, and the parents. The source data comes from the meme collection of the research archive of the Department of Folkloristics of the Estonian Literary Museum, which consists of more than 2,000 meme units collected during the crisis period. Some data were collected separately, for example, Tartu Variku School organized a meme competition “My distance learning” for the students of Tartu schools in April 2020 (541 memes). The comparative global collection (12,000 units) comes from the international project of corona folklore and -humour research “Humour during the global corona crisis” led by Giselinde Kuipers (Leuven Catholic University) and Mark Boukes (Amsterdam University); the project involves researchers from more than 30 countries. The study addresses the following questions: What local features emerge in distance learning memes that spread during the pandemic? How have students used other cultural resources in these memes (e.g. pop culture elements known from literature, cinema, music and other important cultural texts)? Whether and how these memes express, for example, family relationships (between children/youngsters and parents), school relationships (between students and teachers), what patterns of distance working are prevalent, etc. The meme material which has been inspired by distance learning is a fascinating contemporary subject that combines the challenging COVID-19 pandemic and distance learning as a characteristic feature of this period. Students who are the main creators of the memes regard the humorous memes about distance learning as a form of communication which offers an alternative and multifaceted perspective on this important method of learning during lockdown. The Estonian material is largely based on internationally known universal meme templates that have been adapted to the local language and cultural space. When investigating the social networks and universal motifs reflected in the memes, it is important to rely on the qualitative content analysis. It is worth noting that the subject of COVID-19 and the pandemic period are rarely explicitly mentioned in the memes. The egocentric or student-centred perspective that is characteristic of this specific material highlights the general attitudes and shared patterns that are based on opposition, which is typical of youth culture. The common pairs of opposition are me/classmates, student/teacher, and student/parent. The stereotypical roles reflected in the memes can be analysed figuratively via the ambivalent trickster figure, known from earlier folklore studies. Students are shown as cunning go-getters who use memes to discuss uncomfortable issues, mishaps, and problems. Stereotypically, the image of a teacher, but also that of a parent, is that of an authoritarian supervisor, a grade giver from the students’ perspective. This makes memes a highly important channel for schoolchildren to make their voice heard, either consciously or subconsciously. In the future, the material could be investigated in even greater detail from the aspect of youth language use and emotions, the interdisciplinary aspect, etc.
XX
We analysed the mechanisms generating specific genres in the digital network and described the phenomena which result in shaping new forms of modern communication genres. New digital genre-communication forms are exemplified by Facebook “art memes”, which should be studied from two perspectives: literary research and social studies. The art of painting remediated in digital forms of so-called “memes” illustrates the global flow from the Western centre to the Eastern semi-peripheries of digitalizing Euro-Atlantic civilization. We applied analytical framework consisting of six criteria: sender, recipient, message, code, context and contact. Our conclusion is that the process of global-local flow, as exemplified by Facebook art memes, results in local enrichment of the global medium and content.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza memów dotyczących kwarantanny wprowadzonej w pierwszych dniach po ogłoszeniu pandemii COVID-19 w Polsce. Kontakt z memami w trakcie pierwszych tygodni pandemii (marzec–kwiecień) początkowo był motywowany jedynie chęcią zapełnienia wolnego czasu w tak dziwnych okolicznościach jak czas kwarantanny. Z czasem obserwacja zaczęła przyjmować bardziej usystematyzowany charakter, a znalezione w sieci obrazy stały się interesującym materiałem badawczym ilustrującym aktywności podejmowane w celu normalizacji i oswojenia nieznanej społeczeństwu wcześniej na tak szeroką skalę sytuacji przymusowej kwarantanny. Zebrany materiał został przeanalizowany przy wykorzystaniu metody analizy tematów fantazji (FTA).
EN
The aim of this article is to analyze memes about social isolation introduced in connection with the Covid-19 pandemic. The author’s contact with memes during the first weeks of the pandemic (March–April) was initially motivated only by the desire to fill leisure time in such strange circumstances as the time of quarantine. With time, the observation began to take on a more systematic character, and the images found on the web became an interesting research material illustrating strategies undertaken to normalize and familiarize people with forced isolation and imposed social distancing, measures previously unknown in society on such a large scale. The material thus collected was analyzed using the fantasy themes analysis (FTA) method.
EN
Internet memes are differentiated visual forms: ranging from images with witty captions to various mobile or static graphics, which often contain larger fragments of text. A meme as a carrier of information is a complex unit, which partly uses the definition of journalistic writing. The anlaysis of memes requires careful methodology. In the case of this short but multiaspectual mini-genre, mixed research methods are necessary. It is worth remembering that a meme, as a unit, is not only a visual and verbal layer, but also a spectrum of tools, the possibility of assessment and comments by users.
PL
Memy interenetowe to zróżnicowane formy wizualne: od obrazka z błyskotliwym podpisem do różnorodnych grafik, ruchomych lub statycznych, często zawierających większe partie tekstu. Mem jako nośnik informacji jest formatem złożonym – wyczerpuje po części definicję gatunku dziennikarskiego. Analiza memów wymaga przemyślanej metodologii. W wypadku tego krótkiego, acz wieloaspektowego minigatunku niezbędne są mieszane metody badawcze. Warto przy tym pamiętać, że mem jako jednostka to nie tylko warstwa wizualna i słowna, ale również wachlarz narzędzi – możliwość oceny oraz skomentowania przez użytkowników.
20
Content available remote

Wiedza w ujęciu determinizmu memetycznego

63%
PL
Artykuł prezentuje próbę przezwyciężenia teoretycznych ograniczeń związanych z rozumieniem i wyjaśnianiem pojęcia wiedzy. Przedstawione tutaj zostanie memetyczne ujęcie problematyki wiedzy, którego pierwszorzędnym celem jest pogłębiona analiza fenomenu wiedzy oraz wzbogacenie dotychczasowego pojęcia wiedzy o krzyżującą się perspektywę przyrodoznawczo-semiotyczną. Kolejnym celem jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie o istotę wiedzy, sposób jej istnienia oraz zakres występowania. Omawiane są główne właściwości memów, ich cechy charakterystyczne, podstawowe funkcje i możliwa klasyfikacja. Rekonstruowane są również działania memetycznych mechanizmów wiedzy: formy uzewnętrzniania się wiedzy; proliferacji wiedzy; kooperacji i rywalizacji informacji.
EN
The article attempts to overcome some theoretical limitations as regards understanding and explanation of the knowledge notion. I present the memetic perspective of the issue of knowledge. The main aim is to deepen the analysis of knowledge phenomenon and to enrich previous knowledge notion with crossing, natural and semiotical points of view. The next aim is to try to answer the question about the nature of knowledge, the way of knowledge existence and the area of occurrence of knowledge. Some main attributes of memes, their hallmarks, basic functions and possible classification are examined. I also discuss the actions of memetic mechanisms of knowledge: some forms of knowledge externalisation; knowledge proliferation; cooperation and competition of information. At the end of the article there are summative reflections and author’s conclusions.
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