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EN
The text is devoted to a problem of Russia and Russians in Zygmunt Szczęsny Feliński’s literary creativity. In wide public consciousness this writer and the Warsaw archbishop of theperiod of January revolt functions first of all as the author of two-volume Diaries: the monumental work representing a multi-color social panorama of the XIX century.Appearance of Russia and Russians most expressly oozes exactly in the Diaries of this author mentioned above. The article is concentrated foremost on a chart, which engulfs national onomastics, personal and characterologic qualities of Russians and an image of the Russian Empire as thestates by turns.
PL
Artykuł jest znacznie przeredagowaną częścią pracy magisterskiej obronionej w Katedrze Studiów Interkulturowych Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w Uniwersytecie Warszawskim. Kwerendy do pracy były prowadzone w latach 2014–2015 na potrzeby projektu Archiwum Kobiet:piszące realizowanego przy Instytucie Badań Literackich Polskiej Akademii Nauk.
EN
Within the literary theory the category of comparison is used to describe a given phenomenon by referring it to another. It does not explain it in detail but builds on the general knowledge of one event by collating it with the other. Therefore, the main function of comparison is to create a non-existing link between what is unknown and what is well known. This stylistic device enables the author to describe one event through another, making the first one comprehensible. The author explore the process of development and fortification of the symbolic border between the “Aryan side” and the Warsaw Ghetto, which finds its linguistic expression in the style of wartime women memoires. Besides being a material and architectural border, delineated in the middle of the city, the Warsaw Ghetto wall indisputably constituted a figurative boundary. Constructed with the use of institutionalized violence, this particular barrier was symbolically strengthened by the deeply rooted dominance of the non-Jewish inhabitants of the city.
EN
The contribution has three layers. The first one, that is not presented here, is a text “Memories of the life of Czechs who lived in Voyvodovo” written in Bulgarian by an inhabitant of the only Czech village in Bulgaria — Voyvodovo, and a neighbor of Voyvodovo Czechs, Bulgarian Božidar Popov, a son of the local Methodist pastor. The second layer — the core of the contribution — is a work of a Voyvodovo Czech and Popov’s peer Barbora Čižková. She translated Popov’s memoirs, or better to say she rather strongly interprets it and supplements it by her own commentaries and memoires. The last layer, written by the editor, is the analysis and commentary of the two preceding layers, each of them in itself and in mutual comparison. The contribution presents not only new information on history of Voyvodovo, but also a confrontation of Czech and Bulgarian views of the local Czech community.
EN
The given article is devoted to the problem of the perception of Russia and the Russians in Polish Catholic priests’ literary work, exiled after the January Uprising to the Russian Empire. As commonly assessed, exile to Russia affected about six hundred Polish clergymen, in one way or another connected to the insurrectionary move of 1863. The most famous priest-exiles, whose literary legacy has survived to this day, are: Mikołaj Kulaszyński, Stanisław Matraś, Edward Nowakowski and Zygmunt Szczęsny Feliński. A present article was devoted to it is for these writers, and is concentrating on the stereotype of the Russians and Russia. The text includes the following aspects one by one: national nomenclature, psychological and characterological features, physical properties of the Russians and the general image of Russia as the state and the country.
EN
Henriette Campan (1797–1824) : from the history of a text to the meaning of a life The history of the autobiographical writings of Henriette Campan, chambermaid of Marie Antoinette and a famous educatress of the First French Empire, reflect the history of her life, which was marked by a double historical rupture. After her death, her editors – disrespectful of the last will of the defunct – transformed the documents left to them to inscribe those into a perspective of the Memories on the French Revolution they were working on. Hence, by giving a fake unity to a life placed under the sign of multiple fractures, they did not hesitate to spoil the spirit of the work of the writer.
EN
Women’s influence on political affairs in 17th-century Poland is a rather problematic matter. Offices and titles were reserved for men only, which means that formally women were completely excluded from political power. However, they could affect it to some extent using their discreet influence – through their husbands, sons or brothers and members of their political parties. This influence was publicly known in many cases but it found very little reflection in official documents. This is the reason why information about this influence could be found only in letters and memoires. The memoires of Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł are one of the most useful sources in this case. This was because, one, the author achieved a really high rank in Polish state, and two, his memoires include relatively long (more than 20 years) period of time.
PL
Wpływ kobiet na wydarzenia polityczne w Rzeczpospolitej szlacheckiej jest kwestią problematyczną. Urzędy i tytuły były zarezerwowane dla mężczyzn, co oznacza, że formalnie kobiety były kompletnie wykluczone z jakiegokolwiek udziału we władzy. Mogły jednak na nią oddziaływać w różnym stopniu dzięki zakulisowym wpływom – poprzez swoich mężów, synów czy braci, a także członków stronnictwa politycznego. W wielu przypadkach takie wpływy były kwestią powszechnie znaną, ale nie znajdują one odbicia w oficjalnych dokumentach. Dlatego informacji o nich należy szukać w listach i pamiętnikach. Pamiętnik Albrychta Stanisława Radziwiłła jest jednym z najlepszych źródeł w tym względzie. Po pierwsze ze względu na bardzo wysoką pozycję autora w aparacie urzędniczym Rzeczpospolitej, a po drugie ze względu na stosunkowo długi okres (ponad 20 lat), jaki obejmuje jego dzieło.
EN
This article is devoted to the reconstruction of “Fragments of memories of my childhood and the time in the Lyceum”, the memoirs of Count Vladimir Nikolayevich Kokovtsov, the former Minister of Finance and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire. The history behind his words is analysed, as are the circumstances surrounding the transfer of Kokovtsov’s memoir to the State Archive of Belgium (Archive of Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History in Brussels), and the history of its publication over many decades. “Fragments of memories” is compared with “Out of my past”, another memoir written by Count Kokovtsov. The author of the article tries to understand the peculiarities of the construction of the past by the representatives of the imperial bureaucracy, to reveal the specifics of its memorial culture and identity. Kokovtsov’s memoirs are remarkable within the context of Russian emigration memoiristics. They reflect the ambitions of an old Russian bureaucrat who survived the existential tragedy of exile and who tried to find moral support in the past.
EN
The specifics of the guerrilla war and the continuous movement of insurgent parties during the January 1863 Insurrection were not conducive to establish permanent military camps. Only the camps founded in the first months of the uprising were in accordance with the instructions of the central authorities of the uprising. The example of such camp was the camp commanded by Apolinary Kurowski in Ojców. Later, when the Russian army began to control almost all the Kingdom of Poland regions, insurgent camps were generally scheduled for just a few days’ rest. It can be concluded, that in the period of the January Uprising, the so-called marching camps dominated. They were the forms of transition between permanent camps used for many days, and a simple stop for a sleep and short rest during the march.
PL
Specyfika wojny partyzanckiej i ciągłe przemieszczanie się partii powstańczych podczas insurekcji styczniowej 1863 r. nie sprzyjały zakładaniu stałych obozów wojskowych. Jedynie w pierwszych miesiącach powstania zakładano obozy, które w jakimś stopniu zgodne były z instrukcjami władz centralnych powstania. Takim przykładem był obóz oddziału dowodzonego przez Apolinarego Kurowskiego założony w Ojcowie. W późniejszym okresie, kiedy wojska rosyjskie zaczęły kontrolować niemal wszystkie regiony Królestwa Polskiego, obozy powstańcze przewidziane były z reguły na zaledwie kilkudniowy postój. Można konkludować, iż faktycznie w okresie powstania styczniowego dominowały tzw. obozy marszowe. Przedstawiały one wszelkie formy przejściowe między stałymi, wykorzystywanymi przez wiele dni obozami, a prostym zatrzymaniem się na sen i krótki wypoczynek w czasie marszu.
EN
The paper is devoted to the role of the mental and emotional predicates and the verbs, which reflect them. The material was excerpted from the female soldiers texts about the Warsaw Uprising 1944 and the memoirs of the women from the Polish noble families. The methodological foundations of current study are the Semantic Syntax Theory (predicate-argument grammar) and the selected issues of the discourse analysis or text analysis. The frequency of the chosen verbs was introduced, as well as the sentences with their syntactic patterns. The most frequent and the most significant verb for the examined texts is the verb pamiętać. The fourth part of the presented paper brings some elements of the discourse and text analysis, such as the grammatical choices and their importance for the texts. Some the compositional concerns were taken under consideration.
PL
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RU
В статье рассматриваются избранные тексты из многоязычного "Канона мемуарной литературы польских евреев". Большинство из них ранее не публиковались на польском языке. Некоторые из авторов жили на польских территориях в период раздела России или провели время в до- или послереволюционной России. В эгодокументах, которые они написали, они сосредоточились на собственном опыте, религии, культуре и еврейской идентичности. Они также создали, хотя иногда только на полях своих воспоминаний, картину российских евреев, русинов и русских. Они касались русской культуры и языка, политики, истории и социальной напряженности. Они свидетельствуют о жизни в порой многокультурном и многоязычном плавильном котле, а их содержание отражает богатую и разнообразную культуру. Тексты "мемуарного канона" - это заново открытые источники, предлагающие возможность новых междисциплинарных интерпретаций.
EN
The article discusses selected texts from the multilingual "Canon of memoir literature of Polish Jews". Most of them have not been published in Polish before. Some of the authors lived in the Polish territories under the Russian partition or spent some time in pre- or post-revolutionary Russia. In the egodocuments they wrote, they focused on their own experiences, religion, culture and Jewish identity. They also created, although sometimes only in the margins of their memories, a picture of Russian Jews, Ruthenians and Russians. They referred to Russian culture and language, politics, history and social tensions. They bear witness to life in a sometimes multicultural and multilingual melting pot, and their contents reflect a rich and diverse culture. The texts of the " Canon of memoir literature" are rediscovered sources, offering the possibility of new interdisciplinary interpretations.
PL
Artykuł stanowi omówienie wybranych tekstów z wielojęzycznego „Kanonu literatury wspomnieniowej Żydów polskich”. Większość z nich nie była dotąd publikowana w języku polskim. Niektórzy autorzy mieszkali na ziemiach polskich pod zaborem rosyjskim lub okresowo przebywali w przed- lub porewolucyjnej Rosji. W spisanych egodokumentach koncentrowali się na doświadczeniach własnych, religii, kulturze i tożsamości żydowskiej. Stworzyli też, choć niekiedy jedynie na marginesie wspomnień, obraz Żydów rosyjskich, Rusinów i Rosjan. Odnosili się do kultury i języka rosyjskiego, polityki, historii i napięć społecznych. Stanowią świadectwo życia w wielokulturowym i wielojęzycznym niekiedy tyglu, a ich treść, odzwierciedla bogatą i zróżnicowaną kulturę. Teksty „Kanonu wspomnieniowego” to źródła odkrywane na nowe, stwarzające możliwość nowych interdyscyplinarnych interpretacji.
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