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1
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Ecce femina – podróż do źródła kobiecości. Wokół krwi menstruacyjnej we współczesnej literaturze polskiej na podstawie wybranych przykładów – Izabeli Filipiak i Olgi Tokarczuk

100%
De Carlo A. F.
Postscriptum Polonistyczne
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2017
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issue 2 (20) Oblicza kobiecości
119-131
PL
The article analyses myths concerning menstruation in Izabela Filipiak’s and Olga Tokarczuk’s creative works. The writers refer to female physiology in order to abolish the taboo on the female body and its excretions and to create mythology free from the male universe. Menstruation is considered a taboo subject even at the beginning of the 21st century and this physiological aspect of feminity is connected with an attempt to respect the differences between the sexes. One can observe not so much an attempt to destroy the rules of patriarchal culture, but a need to recreate the Western imagination, which is able to renew social and symbolic order and create new female mythology, which enables women to identify with their own needs, feelings, physical, sexual and erotic experiences.
2
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The Concept of “Buddha-Nature” in Women’s Salvation and Its Relationship to Japanese Buddhist Teachings on Menstruation

75%
Sobczyk M.
Acta Asiatica Varsoviensia
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2023
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issue 36
229-244
EN
This paper explores one aspect in the evolution of “buddha-nature” (busshō) in Japan within the context of Buddhist teachings regarding women’s salvation. “Buddha-nature”, symbolised by the lotus throne where buddhas and bodhisattvas reside, was fused with the notion of menstrual impurity due to syncretism with Shintō beliefs. The introduction of the Bloody Pond Sutra (Ketsubon-kyō) solidified discussions on menstruation’s origin, attributing menstrual impurity to women’s “mind” poisons. Practical manifestations of this complex idea included wearing chest talismans. This research sheds light on the evolving “Buddha-nature” concept in Japan and its implications for women’s spirituality.
3
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Menstruacja w starożytności grecko-rzymskiej, żydowskiej i chrześcijańskiej

71%
Dźwigała K.
Przegląd Nauk Historycznych
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2020
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vol. 19
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issue 2
233-243
EN
The aim of the text is to present the perception of menstruation in antiquity in the Graeco-Roman, Jewish and Christian worlds, where the starting point is the pericope on the woman with the blood flow in the Gospels. First, there are examples of statements and views of the Roman and Greek authors about menstruating women. Then sources are presented about the situation of women menstruating and suffering from the abnormal blood flow among Jews, including the scene from the Gospels mentioned above. The third part of the article concerns the view of Christian authors about the issue whether women who have menstruation should be excluded from religious life.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie postrzegania menstruacji w starożytności w świecie grecko-rzymskim, żydowskim oraz chrześcijańskim, gdzie punktem wyjścia jest ewangeliczna perykopa o kobiecie cierpiącej na upływ krwi. Najpierw pojawiają się przykłady wypowiedzi i poglądów na temat przeżywających krwawienie miesięczne kobiet autorów rzymskich i greckich. Następnie zaprezentowane zostają źródła dotyczące sytuacji kobiet przeżywających menstruację oraz cierpiących z powodu chorobliwego upływu krwi wśród żydów, w tym wspomniana scena z Ewangelii. Trzecia część artykułu dotyczy opinii pisarzy chrześcijańskich na temat tego, czy kobiety mające menstruację powinny być wykluczone z życia religijnego.
4
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The Woman with the Flow of Blood in the Homily of Pseudo-Chrysostom and the Kontakion of Romanos the Melodist

63%
Dźwigała K. M.
Verbum Vitae
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2020
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vol. 38
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issue 2
PL
The piece considers the story of the woman with the flow of blood (haimorrhoousa) in the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke as it is represented in two works: the homily of Pseudo-Chrysostom (PG 59,575-578) and Kontakion 12 (in the Oxford edition) of Romanos the Melodist. Interpretations of this episode from the gospels touch upon the issue of ritual purity in the Jewish law as well as the attitude of Christian authors toward female menstruation. The texts mentioned above are examined, along with statements from the Fathers of the Church on menstruation, in an attempt to answer the question of whether Christian authors embraced the idea that menstruating women should be excluded from social and religious life. The article shows that the attitude of Christian authors towards menstruating women was in fact generally positive.
5
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Blood, Death and Fear – Philosophy and Art in Relation to the Myth of Womanhood

63%
Tużnik M.
Estetyka i Krytyka
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2016
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issue 2(41)
177-190
EN
Mythologies from different parts of the world have always used female characters. Most of these are not positive ones, quite the reverse. Nowadays, our generally accepted attitude towards womanhood and women has barely anything to do with the emotions which were triggered by such mythical creatures as lamias, mermaids or vampires. Furthermore, equal rights are perceived, today, as integral to a healthy society. Yet, there are some aspects of womanhood that are not only absent in public discourse, but also trigger such extreme emotions as fear and disgust. One such trigger is menstrual blood. The aim of this article is to present negative images of the woman in mythology, with all their consequences, as well as to show how feminist reflections and artistic activity negate this understanding of womanhood and sexuality, frequently employing controversial and inconvenient themes in the furtherance of that goal.
6
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Status kobiety w polskiej kulturze ludowej. Szkic antropologiczny

63%
Figiel A.
Zeszyty Wiejskie
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2018
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vol. 24
93-108
EN
The status and position of a woman in folk culture were primarily based on stereotypical thinking. According to that, she personified negative values, filled with darkness, passivity and indifference. She also embodied chaos, destruction, the "that word" and the moon. Her ambivalent status was most strongly influenced by her biological nature: menstruation, pregnancy and ability to give life. Apart from negative connotations, her nature was seen as a manifestation of the sacrum. So, she was dangerous, alien and impure, but also inviolable. The specific features of her character located her within the home space.
PL
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7
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Menstruation poverty from the perspective of Polish women

51%
Adryjan B.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Sociologica
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2023
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issue 86
77-89
PL
Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badania ankietowego, dotyczącego wiedzy oraz doświadczeń Polek w obszarze ubóstwa menstruacyjnego. Podjęto w nim takie kwestie jak: wiedza respondentek na temat przejawów ubóstwa menstruacyjnego, charakterystyka grup szczególnie narażonych na deprywacje w zakresie zdrowia i higieny menstruacyjnej, a także wpływ ubóstwa menstruacyjnego na życie osób jego doświadczających. W badaniu poruszono problematykę tabuizacji oraz mityzacji tematu miesiączki. Respondentki zapytano również o inicjatywy na rzecz walki z ubóstwem menstruacyjnym. Kluczowym wątkiem w badaniu były także indywidualne doświadczenia respondentek w kwestii ubóstwa menstruacyjnego. Rezultaty badania wskazują, że ubóstw menstruacyjne to niewidzialny i wstydliwy temat, zwłaszcza w polskim społeczeństwie. Istotnym jest zatem wprowadzenie do publicznego dyskursu nieskrępowanej debaty na temat psychospołecznych trudności związanych z menstruacją.
EN
The article presents the results of a survey on the knowledge and experience of Polish women in the area of menstrual poverty. The article raises issues such as: respondents’ knowledge of the symptoms of menstrual poverty, characteristics of groups particularly vulnerable to deprivation in terms of menstrual health and hygiene, as well as the impact of menstrual poverty on the lives of people experiencing it. The survey raises the issue of tabooing and mythicizing the topic of menstruation. Respondents were also asked about initiatives to combat menstrual poverty. The respondents’ experience of menstrual poverty was also a key theme in the survey. The results of the survey indicate that menstrual poverty is an invisible and embarrassing subject, especially in Polish society. It is therefore essential to introduce into the public discourse an uninhibited debate on the psychosocial difficulties related to menstruation.
8
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Пересмотр прагматики обрядов невесты в бане: мотивы „столбичек новоточеный” в причетах и „крестом лежать” в инвективной купальской песне из русской и белорусской традиций XIX – начала XX века

51%
Shylinhouski K.
Studia Białorutenistyczne
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2023
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vol. 17
89-122
EN
In this study, devoted to the analysis of Kupala song about Sopukha, an attempt is made to establish an internal logical connection between the folklore motifs contained in the song and the transcending semantics of the bathhouse, including an analysis of the pragmatics of the rituals of the bride and the women in the bathhouse. The motifs of “a newly rolled stick” in the Northern Russian bride’s laments and “lying in a cross position” in the Northern Belarusian Kupala song describe the healing and magical rites that were used to cleansing a woman after childbirth, getting rid of menstruation or restoring it. This song was chosen as the subject of the study due to the fact that it was mistakenly interpreted in folklore and ethnographic literature as the text directly describing the archaic religious rites of the Eastern Slavs, including men, thereby confirming the idea of the bathhouse as a pagan temple or a “sanctuary of the girl’s clan”. In addition to the semiotic approach, the analysis of the genre features of the song and its invectives was applied, which represents an innovation in the study of this song as an element of the traditional culture. An important result of the study is the formulation of new arguments against the purely mythological interpretation of the rite of the bride's pre-wedding bath and the rite of farewell to krásota (“menstruation”, “menstrual blood”), according to which the bride symbolically loses her virginity.
PL
W niniejszym badaniu, poświęconym analizie pieśni kupałowskiej o Sopuсhie, podjęto próbę ustalenia wewnętrznego logicznego związku między motywami folklorystycznymi zawartymi w tej pieśni a ogólną semantyką przekrojową „bani”, włączając w to analizę pragmatyki obrzędów związanych z panną młodą i kobietami w łaźni. Motywy „słupka nowotoczonego” w północno-rosyjskich lamentach i „krzyżem leżeć” w północno-białoruskiej pieśni kupałowskiej opisują obrzędy lecznicze i magiczne, które były używane do oczyszczania kobiety po porodzie, pozbywania się menstruacji lub jej przywrócenia. Pieśń została wybrana jako przedmiot badania ze względu na fakt, że w literaturze folklorystyczno-etnograficznej jest ona błędnie interpretowana jako tekst bezpośrednio opisujący archaiczne obrzędy religijne Słowian Wschodnich, w tym mężczyzn, potwierdzający wyobrażenia o łaźni jako pogańskiej świątyni lub „sanktuarium rodu dziewczyny”. Obok podejścia semiotycznego zastosowano analizę cech gatunkowych utworu i inwektyw, co jest nowością w badaniu tego utworu jako elementu kultury tradycyjnej. Ważnym rezultatem badania jest sformułowanie nowych argumentów przeciwko wyłącznie mitologicznej interpretacji obrzędu łaźni przedweselnej panny młodej i obrzędu pożegnania z krásotoj (‘menstruacja’, ‘krew menstruacyjna’), zgodnie z którą panna młoda symbolicznie traci dziewictwo.
BE
У дадзеным даследаванні, прысвечаным разгляду купальскай песні пра Сопуху, зроблена спроба выявіць унутраную лагічную сувязь паміж фальклорнымі матывамі, якія змяшчаюцца ў песні, і агульнай скразной семантыкай „лазні”, прыцягваючы да аналізу прагматыку абрадаў нявесты і жанчын у лазні. Матывы „слупка новаточанага” у паўночна-рускіх галашэннях і „крыжам ляжаць” у паўночна-беларускай купальскай песні апісваюць прагматыку лячэбна-магічных абрадаў, якія ўжываліся для аднаўлення пасля родаў, пазбаўлення ад рэгул або іх аднаўлення. Гэтая песня абрана ў якасці прадмета даследавання ў сувязі з тым, што яна ў фальклорна-этнаграфічнай літаратуры памылкова трактуецца як тэкст, які непасрэдна апісвае архаічныя рэлігійныя абрады ўсходніх славян, у тым ліку, мужчын, пацвярджаючы тым самым уяўленні пра лазню як пра паганскі храм або „сьвятыню роду дзяўчыны”. Нароўні з семіятычным падыходам прымяняецца аналіз жанравых асаблівасцяў песні і iнвектываў, што з’яўляецца навацыяй пры даследванні гэтай песні як элемента традыцыйнай культуры. Важным вынікам з’яўляецца фармуляванне новых аргументаў супраць выключна міфалагічнай трактоўкі абраду шлюбнай лазні нявесты і абраду развітання з крáсотой (‘регуламi’, ‘менструальная кроў’), згодна з якой нявеста сімвалічна губляе некранутасць.
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