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The Historical Background as Factor Favoring the Occurrence of Mercenaries and the Contemporary Role of Mercenarism in the Context of International Law

100%
Ledwoń P.
Security Dimensions: International & National Studies
|
2013
|
vol. 9(9)
100-111
EN
The article analyses the phenomenon of mercenalism, it focuses on the historical background and the origin of mercenaries from ancient times, throughout medieval period to modern times in the context of usage of mercenaries, the forms of military conficts as well as factors favoring their occurrence as warriors. The article describes the most signifcant international legal acts concerning mercenaries and examine the elements of the present legal defnition of mercenary found in Additional Protocol I to Geneva Convention presenting weaknesses of the regulation and proves that in fact mercenary is able to avoid responsibility for his illegal actions.
2
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The Historical Background as Factor Favoring the Occurrence of Mercenaries and the Contemporary Role of Mercenarism in the Context of International Law

100%
Ledwoń P.
Security Dimensions: International & National Studies
|
2018
|
vol. 9(9)
100-111
EN
The article analyses the phenomenon of mercenalism, it focuses on the historical background and the origin of mercenaries from ancient times, throughout medieval period to modern times in the context of usage of mercenaries, the forms of military conficts as well as factors favoring their occurrence as warriors. The article describes the most signifcant international legal acts concerning mercenaries and examine the elements of the present legal defnition of mercenary found in Additional Protocol I to Geneva Convention presenting weaknesses of the regulation and proves that in fact mercenary is able to avoid responsibility for his illegal actions.
3
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Mesjaństwo w Ml 3,1-5 i jego deuteronomistyczna korekta – studium egzegetyczno-historyczne

71%
Zawadzki A.
The Biblical Annals
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2015
|
vol. 5
|
issue 2
375-403
EN
Based on a detailed analysis of Mal 3:1-5, the article attempts to depict a specific function of the socially engaged messianic movement that opposes the incipient crisis of the Judean society in the 5th century BC. As evidenced by the editorial addition in Mal 3:1b-4, the internal discussion went on among the Judean leaders who were concerned about the growing discontent among the population and the subsequent emergence of the prophetic current that with its eschatological and subversive claims could undermine a slow and delicate process of the reconstruction of the country under the watchful and effective control of the Persians. The editorial addition in Mal 3:1-5 reveals the attempt to incorporate the original prophecy of Malachi in the process of extinguishing the embers of the social crisis.
4
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Robotnik na wynagrodzeniu w Ml 3,5 jako symbol kryzysu społecznego w i poł. V w. przed Chr.

51%
Zawadzki A.
Verbum Vitae
|
2014
|
vol. 25
81-102
XX
The main aim of the article is to illustrate the social crisis in the 5th century BC, whose symbol in Mal 3,5 is a hireling working for wages. The grammatical and syntactic analysis of the expression Sekar-Säkîr helps to elucidate the situation of the hireling in the 5th century BC brought almost to the status of slave. The editorial addition, identifiable in Mal 3,1-5, is in turn the evidence of attempt to incorporate the original prophecy of Malachi in the process of extinguishing the embers of the social crisis.
5
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Obraz duszpasterza w komentarzach św. Augustyna do J 10, 1-17 i 21, 15-17

51%
Wygralak P.
Vox Patrum
|
2013
|
vol. 60
487-496
EN
The article presents the teaching of St. Augustine on priesthood – priests, their attitudes and commitment on pastoral work. Bishop of Hippo’s commentaries on the excerpts from the Gospel of John (J 10, 1-17; J 21, 15-17) are basis for the elaboration. Bishop of Hippo indicates that every priest receives his calling from Christ, the Good Shepherd. Thus, he ought to follow Christ and have absolute trust in Him, believing that without God’s grace he can do nothing in his pastoral work. What appears to be especially interesting is St. Augustine’s proposition that even the ministry of an unworthy priest – the evangelical mercenary – can be of a great benefit to the faithful, provided that they will not follow in his footsteps, but me­rely fulfill the proclaimed Word of God. In the commentaries one can see St. Augustine as a sophisticated exegete, but above all as a zealous priest of the lay faithful and a formation advisor.
6

Honour and Fighting Social Advancement in the Early Modern Age

45%
Gassmann J.
Acta Periodica Duellatorum
|
2015
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vol. 2015
|
issue 1
139-181
EN
The article considers the importance of military service in social advancement, here understood as filling the role of “prince” in feudal law and thus participating in the government of an estate, in the transition from the Late Middle Ages to the Renaissance or Early Modern Age. In the context of a city burgher or a petty noble or knight advancing into a government role, did honour require that the individual have experience in fighting – in war, military organisation and leadership? How did mercenaries figure? What role, if any, did Fechtmeister, Fechtbücher, Fechtschulen or Kriegsbücher play?
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