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EN
Excavations in a series of superimposed Iron Age II collective buildings located at Masafi (Fujairah, UAE) by the French Archaeological Mission in the UAE allowed the discovery of two deposits of copper-base metal items buried in two jars. Copper smelting played a major role in the economy and the society of the region and consistent evidence suggest that it also had a symbolic importance. A summary of the archaeometallurgical study of the items discovered at Masafi is presented here and the context of the two deposits is discussed, in order to reconstruct the nature of these two hoards and the function of the buildings.
EN
The purpose of this article is to present the use of iron in ancient Egypt up to the beginning of the Late Period. The presentation of the development of metallurgy of this metal will be possible through the analysis of the preserved objects and their fragments, which show the subsequent stages of learning about the new raw material and the gradual adoption of various methods of iron processing. Due to the fact that no traces of iron processing workshops have survived from the times preceding the Late Period, the analysis of the preserved iron artifacts will enable the reconstruction of subsequent stages of the development of this metal metallurgy. Equally important as objects are the sources from which the Egyptians could obtain iron and the routes by which they imported it, because their presence is one of the basic requirements for metallurgy to develop and spread. I in studying the development of iron treatment the texts in which there is terminology describing iron will be also helpful. Furthermore, by reviewing the contexts of its use, it will be possible to enrich knowledge about the metallurgy of this metal. The analysis of the above points will allow to present a complete picture of iron metallurgy in Egypt.
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EN
The study summarizes the current knowledge of medieval mining communities, their professional social status and livelihood. Information on mining settlements, cattle breeding and food consumption is contained in the Mining Code and some other written sources of the 13th and 14th centuries. Specific knowledge has also been provided by archaeological research in recent years. A comprehensive evaluation of the material generates a number of specific questions: the community and spatial infrastructure of mining settlements, the social structure of their inhabitants, the religious administration, the character of their economy, subsistence etc. It is not possible to present clear answers and conclusions strictly speaking, but it is possible at the very least to formulate well a thesis reflecting the current research.
EN
The polycultural site at Vlčí klin, Bratislava-Vajnory, in SW Slovakia came to the attention of archaeologists already in the 1970s, but wide-ranging excavation and exploration only took place in 2018. The research uncovered among others, a Germanic settlement. Of particular significance are pyrotechnic installations and crucibles, indicating that non-ferrous metals and iron ore were processed in the settlement. This contribution presents a preliminary analysis of feature 74, which was used for metallurgy using non-ferrous metals.
EN
The aim of the article is to present a breakthrough time for iron metallurgy, which was the beginning of the Late Period, in particular the reign of the XXVI Dynasty. Presentation of this issue will be possible through the analysis of preserved artifacts from this period It shows the variety of used forms of objects and the methods of iron processing. The key to this article is the presence of iron processing workshops in the Greco-Egyptian centers, which are the oldest – discovered evidence of the processing of this metal in Egypt. The analysis of the workshops themselves, the tools used there and the remnants of metalworking preserved will be helpful in studying the development of iron metallurgy in the discussed period. An important part of the work is also an attempt to answer the questions: where did the impulse that introduced workshop iron processing in Egypt come from, and whether the Nubians or maybe foreigners, e.g. the Greeks appearing at the end of the Third Intermediate Period and at the beginning of the Late Period in the country on the Nile? The analysis of the above points will emphasize the groundbreaking nature of the discussed topic.
EN
The purpose of the text below is an attempt to present changes in the distribution of bronze and iron pins in the area occupied by the population of the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture. Based on these changes, an issue of iron will be investigated. Pins are the only objects in the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture TLC, which were made on a larger scale from both bronze and iron. Therefore, considering this issue in terms of settlement archaeology, as well as a view at its cultural conditions, it may provide interesting information about the changes introduced by the appearance of iron. In the course of the research the division of pins into individual subgroups was made and the relationship between the type of these pins together with their size in the light of age and gender of the deceased was analyzed. The article will discuss both the issues of changes that were caused by the appearance of iron, and the relationship of the pins with age and the gender of their users.
EN
This paper makes the case for developing ongoing research on Roman Cyprus’s metal profile by integrating object-centred approaches. It does so by focusing on the British Museum’s Cypriot collection as it contains a significant number of metal artefacts. The paper opens with a brief overview of key ancient evidence and the impact of recent, multidisciplinary approaches before introducing the collection and the data assembled for this case study. Assessment of this body of evidence highlights the benefits of undertaking systematic study of metalware related to Cyprus. A museological approach that focuses on the materiality of objects will also demonstrate how lines of enquiry can be developed to enhance current investigations of mining, metallurgy, and metal consumption across the island as well as shed further light on the role and cultural value of metals. This has huge implications for the study of Roman Cyprus and the wider Roman Mediterranean.
EN
The article is to describe the metal monuments discovered in position No. 2 in Strobin (commune Konopnica) in the light of metallurgical studies. This treasure dates back to the V Bronze Age by. A. Montelius (H B3 by P. Reinecke) and comes with a fortified settlement of the Lusatian culture.Article is divided into several parts. The first of these is explained differences and definitions related to metallurgical studies. In a further describes the main components of alloys made of tin bronzes. The main components of bronze alloy is tin and copper. It is also described how the amount of tin and copper affect the quality and mechanical properties of the alloy. There are also important alloying elements that reduce or increase the quality and strength of the alloy.The next section describe the metallurgical test methods such as X-ray that allows for finding the defects in the metal. Another method which allows to determine the chemical composition of the alloy is spectral analysis.The next section describes the analysis of metallurgy treasure discovered in Strobin in 1982. It contained fragments of pottery and bronze objects, such as sickles, bracelets, nodules, necklaces, rings, pendants and one bead. The last part is presented the summary and conclusions.
PL
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EN
The paper raises the question of grave opening at the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Early Iron Age at bi-ritual burial grounds from the area of the so-called Częstochowa-Gliwice subgroup of the Lusatian culture. The author proposes that this phenomenon should be recognized as a ritual action, referring to the structure of the funeral ritual of passage. It would be typical of inhumation burials. The increase in grave opening at the discussed area and period was in connection with migrations of the population.
EN
The subject of this article is the protection by the Ministry of the Interior’s Security Service of an industrial facility that was important for the economy of the Polish People’s Republic, namely the Bolesław Bierut Steelworks in Częstochowa. The actions taken by the Security Service against the Steelworks’ staff, the legal basis for these actions and the surveillance methods used are presented. The author’s overview of the Security Service’s activity begins with the Stalinist era and leads the reader through the social revolts of the late 1960s and early 1970s as well as the year 1976 to the turbulent 1980s. Thanks to the documents preserved in the Archive of the Institute of National Remembrance, we can follow the unrest in the workers’ environment, the opposition of its representatives to the authorities of the Polish People’s Republic, and the mutual friction within the triangle of the steelwork’s blue-collar workers, supervisors and administration. Irregularities and ‘threats’ of a political, social (strikes) and economic (especially mismanagement) nature, including economic crime and espionage incidents, were the main areas of the analytical, operational and investigative activities of the communist security and repression apparatus. A reconstruction of the history of the operational control of the HBB Steelworks allows us to draw several general conclusions. These include the conclusion that the Security Service’s tasks in large state-owned workplaces were part of the range of tasks posed to secret services in modern states in general (including democratic ones), which were related to the protection of the economic interests of the state as such. At the same time, the Secret Service was also determined to carry out its political police function, persecuting workers for their views. A surprising conclusion from the author’s statistical measurements is the low rate of reclassification of exploratory cases into investigative cases. The Secret Service was generally unable to gather convincing evidence for the prosecution or the court, so convictions for hostile activities (with the exception of martial law) and for criminal and economic offences were rare. 
PL
Tematem artykułu jest zabezpieczenie przez Służbę Bezpieczeństwa MSW ważnego dla gospodarki PRL obiektu przemysłowego, jakim była Huta im. Bolesława Bieruta w Częstochowie. Zaprezentowano czynności podejmowane przez SB wobec załogi huty, podstawy prawne tych działań, a także stosowane metody inwigilacji. Przegląd aktywności SB autor rozpoczyna od czasów stalinizmu i poprzez bunty społeczne przełomu lat sześćdziesiątych i siedemdziesiątych oraz rok 1976 prowadzi czytelnika do burzliwych lat osiemdziesiątych. Dzięki zachowanym w Archiwum IPN dokumentom możemy śledzić niepokoje w środowisku robotniczym, sprzeciw jego przedstawicieli wobec władz PRL, a także wzajemne tarcia w trójkącie pracownicy fizyczni – nadzór – administracja huty. Nieprawidłowości i „zagrożenia” o charakterze politycznym, społecznym (strajki) oraz gospodarczym (zwłaszcza niegospodarność), z przestępczością gospodarczą i incydentami na tle szpiegowskim włącznie, to główne obszary działań analitycznych, operacyjno-rozpoznawczych i śledczych komunistycznego aparatu bezpieczeństwa i represji. Rekonstrukcja historii ochrony operacyjnej HBB daje podstawy do wysnucia kilku generalnych wniosków, m.in. takiego, że zadania SB w dużych państwowych zakładach pracy wpisywały się w wachlarz zadań stawianych służbom specjalnym w nowoczesnych państwach w ogóle (także demokratycznych), co było związane z ochroną interesów ekonomicznych państwa jako takiego. Zarazem SB z determinacjąrealizowała funkcję policji politycznej, prześladując pracowników za ich poglądy. Zaskakującym wnioskiem z dokonanych przez autora pomiarów statystycznych jest niski współczynnik przekwalifikowywania spraw o charakterze rozpoznawczym na sprawy śledcze. SB na ogół nie potrafiła zgromadzić przekonującego prokuraturę lub sąd materiału dowodowego, toteż wyroki skazujące za wrogą działalność (z wyjątkiem stanu wojennego) oraz za przestępstwa kryminalne i gospodarcze były rzadkością.
EN
The article presents the Survey of the Samsonów complex from 1809, with a historical commentary. The document contains information on the condition of the mining and metallurgy industry, with particular emphasis on blast furnaces in Samsonów and Szałas, fryers, ore supply, organisation of miners’ work, supply of wood for charring, and organisation of charcoal production.
EN
The article describes the life of Peregryn Simon (1737–1825). His history represents the intricate fate of a large number of Europeans who took part in Frederick's colonization of Upper Silesia. The rapidly developing industry in the north-eastern part of Silesia at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries attracted determined people. Many of them changed their original profession many times, and their journeys to places where industry was developing were often of multi-stage character. Both the first name and last name of the hero of the article, were recorded in documents in various ways. The original forms of spelling, as found in the documents are provided in excerpts of the text referring to them. The infrequent occurrence of the firstname was often confused with the common last name Simon (Polish equivalent: Szymon). This complicates the search for information about individuals with such names. Despite the lack of full biographical data, the research conducted by the author showed that Peregrin Simon changed his profession and place of residence many times. In addition, one of the documents indicates that he was an employee appreciated by the employer, which was the Mining Office in Tarnowskie Góry. The study of the fate of "wanderers", such as the hero of the article, is a contribution to the history of the Frederician colonization of Upper Silesia.
PL
W artykule opisano życie Peregryna Simona (1737–1825). Jego dzieje reprezentują zawiłe losy licznej rzeszy Europejczyków, którzy wzięli udział we fryderycjańskiej akcji kolonizacyjnej Górnego Śląska. Gwałtownie rozwijający się przemysł w północno-wschodniej części Śląska, na przełomie XVIII i XIX wieku przyciągał ludzi zdeterminowanych. Wielu z nich wielokrotnie zmieniało pierwotnie uprawiany zawód, a ich podróże do miejsc, gdzie rozwijał się przemysł były często wieloetapowe. Zarówno imię, jak i nazwisko bohatera artykułu, zapisywane było w dokumentach na wiele sposobów. Oryginalne formy zapisu zostaną podane we fragmentach tekstu odwołującego się do nich. Często mylono rzadko występujące imię z popularnym nazwiskiem odimiennym Simon (pol. Szymon). Komplikuje to poszukiwanie informacji o noszących takie nazwiska postaciach. Mimo braku pełnych danych biograficznych, przeprowadzone przez autorkę badania wykazały, że Peregrin Simon wielokrotnie zmieniał zawód i miejsce zamieszkania. Dodatkowo jeden z dokumentów wskazuje na to, że był on pracownikiem docenianym przez pracodawcę, którym był Urząd Górniczy w Tarnowskich Górach. Badania losów „wędrowców”, takich jak bohater artykułu, stanowią przyczynek do historii kolonizacji fryderycjańskiej Górnego Śląska.
PL
Głównym celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie zarysu nowoczesnej metodyki prognozowania i analizy ryzyka procesu produkcyjnego oraz cech charakterystycznych pomiarów dokonywanych podczas trwania procesu hutniczego. Metodyka oparta jest na reprezentacji systemu dynamicznego w przestrzeni stanu oraz na wnioskowaniu bayesowskim. Pozwala to przede wszystkim uchylić założenie o stałości szacowanych parametrów, prowadzić analizę dla całości rozkładu statystycznego oraz uwzględnić tzw. informację a priori, czyli pochodzącą spoza zbioru danych. Praca ma charakter przeglądowy i stanowi podstawę do dalszych badań, które dotyczą wdrożenia koncepcji intelligent manufacturing w polskich przedsiębiorstwach przemysłowych.
EN
The article presents the range of modern methods used to forecast and conduct risk analysis of the production process and the characteristics of the measurements taken during the steel production process. The methodology is based on the state space representation of a dynamic system and Bayesian inference. The methodology enables us to reject the assumption of constant estimated parameters, analyse the statistical distribution of the whole and take into account a priori information, which is to say outside the dataset. The article is a review and the basis for further studies that include implementation of the concept of intelligent manufacturing in Polish industrial enterprises.
EN
The article is a review of Zarys dziejów huty żelaza w Ząbkowicach (1763–1794) [Outline of the history of the ironworks in Ząbkowice (1763–1794)] by Mateusz Siembab and Andrzej J. Wójcik. The content of the work was subjected to critical analysis, confronting it with the findings of other authors. Information on industrial plants in the Siewierz center was compared with the data for selected facilities in the Old-Polish Industrial District. A similarity was found between the two industrial centers, both in technical and organizational terms.
PL
Powszechna Wystawa Krajowa zorganizowana we Lwowie w 1894 roku, w setną rocznicę insurekcji kościuszkowskiej, miała pokazać dorobek ekonomiczno-kulturowy Galicji od czasu uzyskania przez nią autonomii politycznej. Miała objąć swoim zakresem życie duchowe i materialne mieszkańców Galicji i nie tylko, w tym przede wszystkim Polaków, dać przykłady bogactwa jej płodów, górnictwa, hutnictwa, rolnictwa, leśnictwa, łowiectwa; przedstawić życie ludności, zabytki sztuki ludowej, tzw. przemysł domowy, rękodzieła; pokazać rozwój instytucji finansowych, administracji publicznej, opieki zdrowotnej, komunikacji, inżynierii, budownictwa, literatury, szkolnictwa ogólnego i zawodowego, rozwój sztuk pięknych i architektury. Miała stać się okazją do integracji narodowej Polaków. Artykuł analizuje tylko fragment jej ogromnej spuścizny w zakresie dorobku galicyjskiego górnictwa i hutnictwa. Ukazuje dynamiczny rozwój przemysłu naftowego, wzrost produkcji soli, wytopu żelaza, węgla kamiennego i brunatnego. Jedynie produkcja wosku ziemnego (ozokerytu) nie dawała dobrych perspektyw i w konsekwencji zrezygnowano z jego wydobycia. Wystawiennictwo było jednym z elementów stymulujących gospodarkę w wielu dziedzinach. Sam zaś rozwój, zwłaszcza górnictwa naftowego, sprzyjał pozytywnym przemianom cywilizacyjnym. Wystawiennictwo zwiększyło niewątpliwie kapitał społeczny, co mogło owocować kolejnymi inicjatywami.
EN
The General Regional Exhibition of Lviv was organized in 1894, on the 100 year anniversary of the Kosciuszko Uprising of 1794. The Exhibition was meant to demonstrate Galicia’s economical and cultural progress since its gaining political autonomy and to become an opportunity for the national integration of Poles. The Exhibition displays included various thematic groups which were devoted to both spiritual and material aspects of life in Galicia and were meant to show the abundance of its crops and produce, mining and metallurgy, agriculture, forestry and hunting. The shows pictured everyday life of the inhabitants of Galicia, its folk art, so-called domestic industry and craftwork. Other sections of the Exhibition demonstrated the development of the Galician financial institutions, public administration, healthcare, communication, engineering, construction, literature, general and vocational education and the bloom of the fine arts and architecture. The article analyzes only some parts of the great legacy of the Exhibition, its scope focuses on mining and metallurgy. The text points out the dynamic development of the oil industry and the increase in the branches such as: salt production, iron smelting, and brown and hard coal extraction. The only branch of the Galicia’s economy which had not offered good perspectives and was thus soon discontinued had been the production of earthwax (ozocerite). The organization of the exhibitions of such sort was regarded at that time as one of the best ways to stimulate economy and benefit the regions. The actual development itself, especially of the oil mining, aided many positive social and cultural changes and undoubtedly increased the societal potential and might have resulted in further initiatives.
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