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EN
Metamorfozy (Metamorphoses) by Józef Ignacy Kraszewski and Zygmunt Ławicz i jego koledzy (Zygmunt Ławicz and His Friends) by Eliza Orzeszkowa are treated here as two original works bearing the imprint of two separate creative personalities, although they are based on a similar creative idea and despite the fact that the structure of Orzeszkowa’s novel recalls Kraszewski’s artistic solutions. Both works are similar in content. Using similar metaphors, they attempt to portray metamorphoses in a group of young friends, which are to symbolize more than the passage of time and effects of biological and social laws − both are to express the experience of political bondage. They differ, however, in artistic solutions, which make Metamorphoses, a work based on a myth, a comforting story about the order of human existence; whereas in case of Orzeszkowa’s work they allow us to define it as a novel about dying out, a pessimistic diagnosis of social and political conditions.
EN
The paper touches upon the transformation described in Nowy cud w podgórskich krajach (A new wonder in the piedmont regions), a poem by Wacław Potocki, a 17th century poet: a roe deer turns into a wolf during the hunt on St. Martin’s Day (November 11). In traditional agrarian culture, it was the time of abundance, gluttony and fun − the autumn carnival, when such a transformation can be explained by the laws of the world upside down. In the poem, this has been juxtaposed with the metamorphosis of women into she-wolves. The Latin word lupa (‘a she-wolf’), meaning ‘a prostitute’, refers to the nature of women and their power to transform town houses into lupanars; this metamorphosis is so curious, as it happens permanently, outside the period of carnival licentiousness. It is related to the concept, embraced by Potocki, of the degeneration of the world, in which women’s extraordinary sexual appetites lead to a humiliating metamorphosis of men into deer.
EN
The paper is devoted to the problem of the (Judeo-)Christian (biblical) tradition functioning in (post-)modern culture from the perspective of the history of ideas. The starting point is the metamorphosis of both the Bible as a text and apocrypha as its creative (re)interpretation. The objects of interest are literary paraphrases of the Evangelic story about Judas as a figure of the fallen man. In order to reveal the fundamental ideological changes of (post-)modernity there are presented functionalizations of the greatest sinner in modern Bulgarian apocrypha. It is shown that authors’ metamorphosis of Judas have made him a significant figure of the (post-)modern man. Therefore, the (post-)modern metamorphosis of the (Bulgarian) apocrypha about the God’s traitor on the one hand show the effects of the collapse of the Enlightenment project of human emancipation, and thus testify to the process of the man’s sliding into the tragic immanence, on the other − they reveal − according to Charles Taylor, Agata Bielik-Robson and Philip Rieff − the sense-making potential of para-phrase as a poetic repetition.
EN
The present article aims to study The Black Goat by Bolesław Leśmian in view of its intertextual dialogue with the antique model of metamorphic literature: Metamorphoses, or The Golden Ass by Apuleius. Although the fairy tale was published in a volume entitled Polish Fairy Tales, it is partially based on foreign sources that the author cleverly hid behind other Polish stories. The comparison of The Black Goat with The Golden Ass shows that the Polish poet drew inspiration mainly from Apuleius’s novel, in which a man is also transformed into a stubborn animal. The symbolism of colours and light, which Leśmian modernized and adapted for the modern Polish reader, confirms this hypothesis. Comparative work on both texts helps to understand Leśmian’s reinterpretation of the concept of metamorphosis and his contribution to the reflection on this topic.
EN
The subject matter of the present article is a comparative analysis of two pieces dating back to the turn of the 13th century: a short novel Robert the Devil and a short story Chevalier au barisel. They both belong to the category of the so called “pious stories,” which provided believers with a certain model to follow.What is more, they were a lesson that even the worst sinner may obtain God’s mercy and the grace of salvation. The theme of repentance is an essential narrative and ideological element. The protagonists of the stories in question are: Robert − a knight and Devil’s son; and a knight possessed with the Devil. They both undergo a complete metamorphosis reaching sanctity which results from genuine repentance. Nevertheless, their paths are completely different, as unalike are their initial attitudes towards the possibility of penitence. The theme of metamorphosis in both texts consists of the same elements, which are however put in different narrative order. Two models of Christian metamorphosis emerge from these stories: from devilment to sanctity and from bad life to good death.
PL
Celem artykułu jest krótkie omówienie problemu obecności alter ego i procesów metamorfozy w literaturze latynoamerykańskiej. Punktem wyjścia dla prezentowanych rozważań jest opowiadanie Julio Cortázara Aksolotl. Historia stanowi pretekst ukazania różnych interpretacji, które przekazuje nam Cortázar w odniesieniu do mitu i problemu przemiany, transformacji. Ponieważ nie zawsze jesteśmy uczciwi wobec siebie, wyrazem i miarą naszych myśli może stać się nasze drugie ja, nasz nierzeczywisty sobowtór. Pisarz odwołuje się do różnorodnych relacji egzystencjalnych, w których poszukujemy codziennie potwierdzenia i stałości, poczucia rzeczywistości, pozostając jednak w nieustannym konflikcie ze światem pogrążonym w antagonistycznej relacji między tym, co realne, i tym, co nierzeczywiste. Ten dualizm jest wieloznaczącą metaforą, poprzez którą Cortázar przywołuje m.in. Thomasa Manna czy Franza Kafkę. Aksolotl stanie się zatem pretekstem analizy i punktem wyjścia do refleksji na temat metafory transformacji ukazywanej w literaturze pięknej.
EN
This paper aims to briefly tackle the issue of the alter ego and the metamorphosis in Latin American literature. For this reason, we shall take the story by Julio Cortázar entitled Axolotl as a reference point and evaluate the various interpretations of the myth and transformation in Cortázar’s work. Since we are not the very expression and measure of our thoughts (e.g. Julio Cortázar), our other self is always among us. The various existential relationships that we establish daily to confirm that we live our lives fulfilled by certainty and conviction, and that – staying in a permanent conflict with the world engulfed in an antagonistic relationship between the real and the unreal – they are a potent metaphor through which Cortázar evoques Thomas Mann or Franz Kafka, among others. Thus, the axolotl shall not be the only reason to analyze the story. We shall also see how this metaphor is rendered in literature.
EN
Interpreting death in the novel The Flute for Mice (Myshkina dudochka) by Aleksey Remizov A well-known fact as it is, Aleksey Remizov composed his works triggered by autobiographical motives as short texts constituting various genres. In the montage produced, the former being observed as a creative principle, dream descriptions, narratives and obituary are arranged in a set. In The Flute for Mice, which is one of Remizov’s last novels, death appears on different levels (on the level of the theme, motifs and genre). Mythological parallelisms being deciphered will contribute to outline the basic and persistent element of Remizov’s worldview: bodily death is seen as the transmutation of life/soul, furthermore the space of culture is not subordinated to the laws of time.
PL
Interpretacja śmierci w powieści Мышкина дудочка Aleksieja Remizowa Stworzone na emigracji autobiograficzne utwory Aleksieja Remizowa złożone są z odmiennych gatunkowo krótkich tekstów zestawionych na zasadzie montażu. Zaliczają się do nich opowiadanie-nekrolog, wspomnienie o zmarłym, lament, opis snów i widzeń, które znajdujemy w jednym z ostatnich dużych utworów Remizowa — powieści Мышкина дудочка. Śmierć przenika całą tkankę utworu: pojawia się na płaszczyźnie tematycznej, ideowej i gatunkowej. Przy interpretacji mitologicznych paraleli uwidaczniają się zasadnicze elementy światopoglądu Remizowa, dla któ­rego śmierć ciała stanowi jedynie przejście życia do innych form, a przestrzeń kultury nie podlega prawom czasu.
EN
In the 21st century socialization becomes particularly important because an individual does not stand alone on his/her own, he/she is in a certain society, which is nothing less, indiscreet in the aspects of values, attitudes, behaviour, and other aspects. A person faces his/her value, cultural, religious navigations and other issues because the self-formation is influenced by his/ her cultural and religious perception. This gets strengthened when the society becomes more open for the world. Thus the following question emerges: “What is this openness, for what is this openness, unlimited or with limits?” (Lukšienė, 2000, p. 399). In this context it is possible to formulate the question of scientific problem: what is the gap between individual’s socialization and mimicry as well as metamorphosis at the intersection of cultures and religions? The aim of the article is to reveal the importance of individual’s positive socialization in the intersection of cultures and religions by disclosing the gap of mimicry and metamorphosis. The methodological attitude is social constructivism (Kukla, 2000). The article presents the concept of individual’s positive socialization, discusses the factors influencing it, the scheme and possible manifestations of its possible mimicry and metamorphosis. The attention is paid to a smart education, which, according to Kvieskienė (2015), is the measure of creative and social industries, which helps every person to develop, enable oneself and help different social groups. It can also be the incentive for the positive socialization of a person in the space of cultural and religious connection.
PL
W XXI wieku socjalizacja staje się szczególnie istotna, gdyż człowiek nie żyje w odosobnieniu; funkcjonuje w społeczeństwie, które jest niczym innym, jak powszechnym zbiorem wartości, postaw, zachowań i innych kwestii. Jednostka, na której autokreację wpływa postrzeganie przez nią kwestii kulturowych i religijnych, staje w obliczu pytania o swoją wartość, o to, jak poruszać się w świecie kultury i religii oraz w innych sferach życia. Efekt ten wzmacnia coraz większe otwarcie społeczeństwa na świat. Stąd pojawia się pytanie: „Czym jest ta otwartość, czemu służy? Czy jest nieograniczona czy też ma jakieś granice?” (Lukšienė, 2000, s. 399). W tym kontekście można sformułować pytanie naukowe: jak duża jest rozbieżność między socjalizacją jednostki a mimikrą i metamorfozą na skrzyżowaniu kultur i religii? Celem artykułu jest wykazanie, jak istotne znaczenie ma pozytywna socjalizacja jednostki na przecięciu kultur i religii poprzez ujawnienie rozbieżności między mimikrą a metamorfozą. Postawę metodologiczną opracowania stanowi konstruktywizm społeczny (Kukla, 2000). W artykule przedstawiono koncepcję pozytywnej socjalizacji jednostki, omówiono czynniki, które na nią wpływają oraz schematy i możliwe przejawy mimikry i metamorfozy. Autor przykłada istotną wagę do inteligentnej edukacji, która według Kvieskienė (2015) odzwierciedla sektor twórczy i społeczny, która pozwala na rozwinięcie zarówno potencjału jednostki jak i różnych grup społecznych. Może stanowić ona także zachętę do pozytywnej socjalizacji jednostek zanurzonych w określonej przestrzeni kulturowej i religijnej.
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EN
The subject of analysis in the article is The Metamorphosis (1915) of Franz Kafka. The author attempts to capture various aspects of the Kafka space phenomenon in the context of the functioning of the wall / ceiling motif in this probably the most famous narrative of world literature. At the same time, the researcher treats Kafka’s work as an unsurpassed pattern of artistic scenery shaping: namely, which plasticity and concrete motifs and spatial relations make a kind of residuum of sublime, symbolic meanings, realizing fully only through the imagination of the recipient, in the course of contemplative reading and accompanying it aesthetic experience. The argument leads to the conclusion that in his parabolic, absurd, full of understatement (and yet surprisingly specific) piece of work, Kafka does not reveal the sense of the story of a hero transformed into an arthropod, but allows us to experience this sense and presage it – as the content of our own lives.
PL
Przedmiotem analizy w artykule jest Przemiana (1915) Franza Kafki. Autorka podejmuje próbę uchwycenia różnorodnych aspektów fenomenu przestrzeni kafkowskiej w kontekście funkcjonowania motywu murów/ścian/sufitów w tym bodaj najsłynniejszym opowiadaniu literatury światowej. Badaczka traktuje przy tym utwór Kafki jako niedościgniony wzór artystycznego kształtowania scenerii: takiego mianowicie, które plastyczność i konkret motywów oraz relacji przestrzennych czyni swego rodzaju residuum wysublimowanych, symbolicznych znaczeń, realizujących się w pełni dopiero za pośrednictwem wyobraźni odbiorcy, w toku kontemplacyjnej lektury i towarzyszącego jej przeżycia estetycznego. Wywód prowadzi do konkluzji, że Kafka w swym parabolicznym, absurdalnym, pełnym niedopowiedzeń (a jednak zaskakująco konkretnym) opowiadaniu nie odsłania sensu historii bohatera przemienionego w stawonoga, pozwala nam jednak ten sens przeżyć i przeczuć – jako treść naszego własnego życia.
IT
Ci sono due modi per stabilire la relazione con lo spazio. Uno è in parte generale e in parte idiosincratico ed è la maniera in cui il passato si manifesta nel presente dell’individuo. L’altro, è una connessione molto profonda e intima con il luogo nel quale è possibile stabilire tale relazione ovvero quando iniziamo a sentirci legati ad un dato spazio, cioè quando le linee storiche ed estetiche di connessione si dimostrano inadeguate.L’anima della Calabria (1950) e Segreti di Puglia (1951), due travelogues appartenenti alla serie Italia celebre e sconosciuta, esplorano due regioni totalmente diverse dell’Italia indagando la percezione del paesaggio, la storia e la mitologia radicate in questi luoghi e le varie pratiche della vita quotidiana che si sono sviluppate nel corso dei secoli. Così, la regione diventa più di una serie di luoghi interessanti e monumenti storici che i baedeker esaltano e pubblicizzano per i turisti. Invece, in questo caso, ci occupiamo della decostruzione di tali prodotti culturali già pronti e, facendo un “esercizio mentale”, non solo transiteremo ma saremo anche situati in luoghi che rivelano il loro carattere provvisorio, metamorfico e la loro incompiutezza, diventando così una sfida al nostro senso morale. Ne deriva che, esercitando memoria e mente, trasformiamo l’allenamento di quest’ultimi in allenamento morale e sociale.
EN
There are two modes of establishing a relationship with space. One is, partly general and partly idiosyncratic, manner in which the past makes itself manifest in the present of the life of the human individual. The other is a most profound and intimate connection with a place which is possible when we begin to feel situated in a given space, i.e. when standard historical and aesthetic lines of connecting prove inadequate.L’anima della Calabria (1950) and Segreti di Puglia (1951), two travelogues in a series of Italia celebre e sconosciuta, explore the two distinctly different regions of Italy investigating the perception of landscape, its rootedness in history and mythology as well as various practices of everyday life they have generated over centuries. Thus, the region becomes more than a series of interesting sights and historical monuments baedekers record and advertise for tourists. Instead, we deal with deconstruction of such ready-made cultural products and, in the effort of “mental exercise”, we not only transit through but are also situated in places which reveal their provisional, metamorphic character, their unfinishedness, becoming thus a challenge to our moral sense. Hence, exercising memory and mind, allenamento della memoria e della mente morphs into allenamento morale e sociale.
Res Rhetorica
|
2015
|
vol. 2
|
issue 3
16-29
PL
Artykuł porusza problematykę programów telewizyjnych, których fabuła oparta jest na motywie szybkiej, radykalnej i widowiskowej przemiany bohatera. Wpisuje się on w nurt badań nad retoryką medialną, z perspektywy rhetorical criticism. Celem tekstu jest ustalenie funkcji społecznych jakie pełnią analizowane programy, poznanie metod jakimi oddziałują na publiczność oraz przewidzenie możliwych konsekwencji tego oddziaływania. Praca ma na celu pokazanie, jak samo medium (stacja telewizyjna/twórcy programu) wpływa na naturę przekazu. Tekst opiera się na wynikach badania zrealizowanego metodą jakościowej analizy treści trzech programów telewizyjnych: Kuchenne Rewolucje, Nasz Nowy Dom oraz Fat Killers. Zabójcy tłuszczu.
EN
The subject of the dissertation are television programs with a plot based on a quick, radical and spectacular transformation of the main character. The article fi ts into the current research on media rhetoric from the perspective of rhetorical criticism. The analysis aims to determine social functions of this genre, to recognize its infl uence on the audience, and to foresee its possible consequences. The work aims to show how the same medium (TV station / producer) affects the nature of the transferred message. The work was based on research carried out with the use of a content qualitative analysis of three television programs: Kuchenne Rewolucje, Nasz Nowy Dom and Fat Killers. Zabójcy tłuszczu.
Vox Patrum
|
2014
|
vol. 62
331-356
EN
Before turning to the wonderful Saviour’s deeds, that he strives to praise in Paschale Carmen, Sedulius introduces his reader into the old testamental history of salvation. In the Book 1, which fulfils the functions of a preface to the poem, he recounts 18 miracles that took place before Christ was born, since the ages of the Patriarchs to the period of the Babylonian captivity. These relations appear to be separate, self-contained stories. The longest is devoted to the miraculous fate of the prophet Elijah (lines 170-187); in the shortest the poet tells about the Balaam’s donkey, an animal without speech, who spoke to its master with a human voice (lines 160-162). Miracles fascinate Sedulius as extraordinary events, which deny the laws of nature and contradict common sense. At that they are sometimes con­nected with a marvelous metamorphosis. God performs miracles in order to show to the mankind His might, providence and kindness; to educate human beings and to prepare them for the coming of Christ; to foretell cosmic redemption at the end of times. Telling about the old testamental miracles Sedulius tends to refer both to the unbelievers and to the believers the revealed truth. He also aims to awake in the readers’ hearts wonderment, gratitude, love and trust towards the Holy Trinity.
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