The article presents the problems connected with the conceptualization of the contemporary city. These problems result, among other things, from the variability of a city as a research subject and the complexity of urban studies. The new face of the city is formed by six co-occurring trends: the restructuring of the urban economic base, the formation of a global system of world cities, a radical change in urban spatial patterns, changes in the urban social structure, uncontrolled urban sprawl, and changes in the visual form of urban reality. Radical changes in urban studies are determined by three factors: the need to work out new conceptualizations and analytical tools, criticism and revision of the current knowledge as well as generational changes in the community of researchers. A characteristic feature and a development factor of urban studies is the plurality of theoretical and methodological approaches. Model approaches aim at the elimination or alleviation of the negative symptoms of urbanization at the turn of 21th century.
W artykule dokonano przeglądu niektórych metodyk inżynierii oprogramowania oraz oceniono ich wady i zalety. Przedstawiono najnowsze tendencje szczególnie w obszarze rozwiązań typu BPMN. Pokazano przyczyny, które wymusiły stworzenie narzędzi w ramach inżynierii oprogramowania. W kolejnych częściach artykułu zawarto opisy trzech metodyk – obiektowej, strukturalnej i BPMN. W zakończeniu porównano i oceniono przydatność poszczególnych metodyk.
EN
The author made a short review of some software engineering methodologies. Evaluation of strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of these methodologies is made in this paper. The author brings forward new perspectives in this area: the BPMN (Business Process Modelling Notation) methodology. In point 2, there are shown some reasons for creating particular tools in the software engineering area of interest. Points 3-5 contain a short description of three of them: structured approach, object approach and BPMN. In the conclusion part, the author made comparisons and evaluated usefulness of particular methodologies.
Over recent years, the use of corpora in stylistic analysis has grown in popularity. However, questions still remain over the remit of corpus stylistics, its distinction from corpus linguistics generally and its capacity to explain complex stylistic effects. This article argues in favour of an integrated corpus stylistics; that is, an approach to corpus stylistics that integrates it with other stylistic methods and analytical frameworks. I suggest that this approach is needed for two main reasons: (i) it is analytically necessary in order to fully explain stylistic effects in texts, and (ii) integrating corpus methods with other stylistic tools is what will distinguish corpus stylistics from corpus linguistics. My argument is supported by reference to examples from Mark Haddon’s no vel The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time and the HBO TV series Deadwood. Both these examples rely for their explanation on a combination of corpus stylistic analytical techniques and other stylistic methods of analysis.
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