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Internacjonalizacja klastrów

100%

Jankowska B.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

2010

vol. 240

issue 5-6

19-40

The paper deals with a process known in economic theory as the internationalization of industrial clusters. According to the author, clusters are subject to internationalization at two levels: the micro level, or the level of firms taking part in clusters; and the meso level, or the cluster as a whole-through the work of organizations responsible for coordinating the cluster’s operations. Industrial clusters have entered a new stage of development in their role as projects designed to stimulate competition, Jankowska notes. They no longer limit themselves to local, regional or national markets, but are increasingly eyeing international markets in their operations. This enables them to combine the benefits of clustering with the effects of internationalization, the author says. Jankowska uses a deductive approach to investigate the cluster internationalization process. Her research methods include an in-depth, critical literature review focused on the concepts, models and indicators of the internationalization of a firm and reports on the internationalization of cluster initiatives. Another research method is based on in-depth interviews with managers and coordinators of selected clusters in Poland. On the basis of the research, the author highlights the mechanism of internationalization of clusters and shows the degree of internationalization in some Polish clusters. The main conclusion is that Polish clusters are still only marginally involved in the process of value creation in international markets, according to Jankowska. Internal structural problems caused by the attitudes and policies of managers are a principal barrier that prevents Polish clusters from taking full advantage of the benefits of internationalization, Jankowska concludes.

The New Generation at the Crossroad of Cultures: Socialization Aspect

84%

TARGAMADZĖ V.

Multicultural Studies

2016

issue 1

65-76

The globalization process – rapid in economic, educational, cultural and other spaces – opens a few possibilities in labour market, economics, education and intercultural interchange. However, at the same time individual’s socialization becomes more complicated because it is necessary to estimate the environment changing under the infl uence of diff erent cultures and adjust to it. The subject of the article is the new generation at the intersection of cultures in the aspect of socialization. The aim is to highlight the peculiarity of the new generation’s socialization at the intersection of cultures and indicate the possibility for its development. Objectives: » defi ning the new generation by identifying essential contact points of culture and individual’s socialization; » creating the model of development of the new generation’s socialization at the intersection of cultures. The article highlights the new generation and essential contact points of its socialization. The model of development of the new generation’s socialization at the intersection of cultures is presented. It is possible to use the three stage-scheme for the new generation’s socialization: pre-arrival stage, encounter stage, and metamorphosis stage. In each stage, it is necessary to evaluate micro, meso, macro levels and their elements that infl uence individual’s socialization. This might help the new generation to avoid confusion in the globalising world and identify essential contact points of its socialization: values, standards, and rules. This determination may help create basis for decision-making and overcoming difficulties of socialization.

Globalizacja jest procesem postępującym, widocznym w ekonomii, edukacji, kulturze i innych obszarach. Otwiera nowe możliwości na rynku pracy, w ekonomii, edukacji i relacjach międzykulturowych. Niemniej jednak w tym samym czasie indywidualne aspekty socjalizacji stają się coraz bardziej skomplikowanym procesem. Wymagają oceny oddziaływań środowiskowych, kulturowych i dopasowania do nich. W centrum zainteresowania artykułu jest problem nowych pokoleń jako przekroju kultury i aspektów socjalizacji. Pytania badawcze: » Jak zdefi niować nową generację (pokolenie) poprzez kontakty z kulturą i ich indywidualną socjalizację? » Jaki jest schemat (przebieg) rozwoju procesów socjalizacji nowych pokoleń w kontakcie z kulturą? Metodologiczną podstawą badań jest konstruktywizm społeczny. Wnioski obrazują procesy rozwoju i przebiegu socjalizacji nowych pokoleń w aspekcie kulturowym. Wyróżniono trzy modele dla tych procesów: Pre-arrival – przed spotkania, Encounter – spotkania, Metamorphosis – metamorfozy. Każdy z tych stanów ewoluuje na poziomach mikro, makro i mezo, a ich elementy oddziałują na socjalizację indywidualną. Wnioski mogą pomagać nowym pokoleniom unikać trudności w zglobalizowanym świecie, identyfi kując główne elementy socjalizacji, jak: wartości, standardy i role.

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1 Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

1 Multicultural Studies

1 Jankowska B.

1 TARGAMADZĖ V.

1 2016

1 2010

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Internacjonalizacja klastrów

The New Generation at the Crossroad of Cultures: Socialization Aspect