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EN
Satisfying functional requirements of military leadership becomes possible by taking into account specific factors defining the basic instances of a military organization, force generation/ regeneration and the conduct of military operations. Major differences are plausible in the plan of effective exercise of leadership in all of the instances. These, noticed and identified, may be recovered from formative plans of training and development processes aimed at improving skills of military leaders.
EN
Manuel Noriega shaped the fate of the Panamanians for eight years. After the death of Omar Torrijos, Noriega became the de facto ruler of Panama. He was not the elected leader, notwith-standing his policy affected every citizen. His illicit activities led to social and political unrest in Panama and were the causes for the American intervention in the country in December 1989. The aim of the article is analyse if it was really necessary for the Americans to apply military action in Panama and why, for many years, the USA accepted the activities of Noriega. It is essential to know whether Panama itself could deal with the internal problems and why the people were dissatisfied with the rule of Manuel Noriega. The 1980s in Panama can be treated as a lost decade. The economic measures employed by the United States managed to deteriorate the industry of Panama. The outcome of the invasion is also significant – the loss of lives, homelessness and lootings. The article presents, step by step, what led to the American interven-tion in Panama and how Manuel Noriega deceived both the Panamanians and the American authorities to remain in power.
EN
The purpose of this article is the analysis, classification and synthesis of the historical literature on peasant insurgent movement on Chyhyryn area in the late 10th – early 20th of the XX century; figuring out the correct use of the term “Holodny Yar Republic” as the name of the peasant insurgent organization on Chyhyrynshchyna. For the study of Ukrainian historiography was used comparative method. The author uses both general scientific methods (systemic) and speculation: historical-chronological, comparative-historical, typological, problem-chronological approach. The Ukrainian historiography of peasant insurgency in Chyhyrynshchyna can be divided according to this principle: works of direct participants and contemporaries of peasant liberation struggle, published mainly in Ukrainian diaspora and scientific research, carried out by Ukrainian historians in the years of Ukrainian independence. The problem of investigation of the peasant insurgency of the Kholodny Yar became widely popular after the publication of the memories of Y. Horlis-Horsky in the 1930s. Memories of the author were supplemented by the writings of M. Doroshenko, I. Liuty-Liutenko. Information about insurgent struggle in Chyhyrynshchyna contained in the memoirs of Ukrainian military leaders: N. Omelianovych-Pavlenko, Y. Tiutiunnyk, O. Vyshnivsky, O. Dotsenko, P. Diachenko, N. Avramenko, V. Simiantsev. In the years of Ukrainian independence the interest to peasant insurgency in Kholodny Yar has grown significantly. Access to archival materials, dedicated to the liberation struggle of Ukrainian people, has strengthened spring base of the research. Among modern researchers who have considered in their writings the issues of insurgency in Kholodny Yar, an important place is occupied by R. Koval. The topic of the insurgent movement in Kholodny Yar reflected in publications of M. Bukhalska, V. Dmytruk, V. Marayev, V. Savchenko, P. Stehniy and other researchers. The term “Holodnoyarska Republic” is not correct in scientific terms. The members of insurgents movement in Kholodny Yar had never proclaimed own “Republic”. They fought not for a small area around Kholodny Yar, but for the liberation of Ukraine, part of which they themselves believed. The topic of peasant insurgency in Kholodny Yar area has not yet been disclosed finally, researchers have work to do. The article may be useful for historians, educators and anyone interested in the history of the liberation struggle in Ukraine.
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