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EN
In this paper on the basis of the funerary inscription of a conductor named Gamicus, which was found in Hagio Pnevma (territorium of the Roman colony of Philippi), are examined the relations between Macedonia, Moesia Inferior and probably Epirus. Gamicus seems to belong to the senatorial family of Pontii; they are attested in the inscriptions from Ulpianum and its region and were even related by marriage with another senatorial family, i.e. the Furii. Both families owed their social position to the mines. Apart from the well known senator Gaius Furius Octavianus and his mother Furia Caecilia, the activity of the domus Furiana is known by the presence of its vilici and servi. Epigraphical testimonies show that the large estates of the Furii as well as the Pontii were situated in the southern part of Ulpianum and in the northwestern part of Scupi. Although the gentilicium Furius is also widespread in the province of Macedonia, of particular interest to our subject, however, seem to be two inscriptions from the territorium of the Roman colony of Philippi. The first one is the epitaph erected by M. Varinius M. l. Celer for himself, his wife Varinia Marita, his daughters Primigenia and Pyralis as well as his son-in-law Furius Alcimus. Τhe second inscription (probably a dedication) lists the military offices of D. Furius Octavius Secundus, originally from Cures Sabinis, as well as the privileges bestowed to him by two colonies, Actia Nicopolis et Ulpia... The identification of Furius Alcimus with an homonymous libertus maternus of Furius Octavianus, referred in a passage of Ulpian, should be excluded. On the other hand, the presence of D. Furius Octavius Secundus in Philippi may nevertheless be connected to the exploitation of mines and quarries of this region. Furthermore, it is possible that he is an ancestor of C. Furius Octavianus and has prepared the requirements for the wealth of the domus Furiana and its adlectio in senatum.
EN
In this paper the author examines the subject of financialization of the hard coal mining sector in Poland. In recent decades this industry has been becoming more strongly connected to global financial flows. At the same time financialization of natural resources is becoming accented more often in literature. Planned ownership transformations in the coal mining industry are causing this subject to become more relevant. The aim of this paper is to analyze the process of financialization in the coal mining industry. In the beginning the author describes definitions used in specialist literature, as well as, causes, and displays of financialization. Then the author periodizes financialization of the coal industry, and points at its possible development. In this article descriptive analysis was used with support from basic statistical methods (analysis of dynamics).
PL
Artykuł podejmuje problematykę finansjalizacji przemysłu wydobywczego węgla kamiennego w Polsce. Na przestrzeni ostatnich dekad branża ta stawała się coraz bardziej powiązana z globalnymi kanałami finansowymi. Jednocześnie w literaturze przedmiotu coraz częściej akcentuje się finansjalizację zasobów naturalnych. Planowane przekształcenia własnościowe przemysłu węglowego sprawiają, że powyższa tematyka zyskuje na znaczeniu. Celem artykułu jest analiza procesu finansjalizacji w branży wydobywczej węgla. Autor na początku opisał występujące w literaturze przedmiotu definicje, przyczyny i przejawy finansjalizacji. Następnie autor dokonał periodyzacji finansjalizacji branży węglowej oraz wskazał na możliwy dalszy przebieg. W artykule zastosowano analizę opisową przy wsparciu podstawowych metod statystycznych (analiza dynamiki).
EN
Mining activity remains crucial for protecting the state’s interests as a whole and ensuring its energy security. Coal deposits of various types are a national good, but exhaustible. On the one hand, they should be taken care of when running a rational extractive economy especially in the context of the constitutional principle of sustainable development, on the other hand, however, one should be conscious of possible conflicts of interests arising in the context of such activities. After all, extractive activity is not irrelevant either to the environment or to the various entities interests and these could be both individual and public. A particularly interesting case could be that of a conflict of public interests of the State Treasury and local government units, which are exposed to the negative effects of the functioning of mines. Similar conflicts of interests arise in relations between the European Union and some Member States, which base their energy security on coal. These selected aspects are the subject of this study.
RU
Горнодобывающая деятельность необходима для защиты интересов государства в целом и сохранения его энергетической безопасности. Угольные месторождения различных типов являются национальным достоянием, но при этом относятся к исчерпаемым. С одной стороны, необходимо о них заботиться, осуществляя рациональную эксплуатацию, особенно в контексте конституционного принципа устойчивого развития, но с другой стороны, важно знать о возможных конфликтах интересов, возникающих в результате осуществления такой деятельности. Действительно, горнодобывающая деятельность не является нейтральной ни для окружающей среды, ни для интересов различных субъек- тов. Речь может идти как об индивидуальных, так и государственных интересах. Особенно интересным может быть конфликт государственных интересов государственного казначейства и местными самоуправлениями, которые подвергаются негативному воздействию шахт. Подобные конфликты интересов возникают в отношениях между Евро- пейским союзом и некоторыми государствами-членами, связывающими свою энергетическую безопасность с углем. Именно эти конкретные аспекты рассматриваются в рамках данного исследования.
IT
L’attività mineraria è necessaria per proteggere gli interessi dello Stato nel suo insieme e per mantenere la sua sicurezza energetica. I depositi di vari tipi di carbone sono un bene nazionale, ma sono esauribili. Da un lato, è necessario prendersi cura di essi, conducendo un’economia mineraria razionale, soprattutto nel contesto del principio costituzionale dello sviluppo sostenibile, ma dall’altro lato è necessario essere consapevoli dei possibili conflitti di interesse che possono sorgere come risultato di tale attività. L’attività estrattiva non è indifferente né per l’ambiente né per gli interessi delle varie entità. Può riguardare sia interessi individuali che pubblici. Il conflitto di interessi pubblici dell’erario e delle unità governative locali, che sono esposte agli effetti negativi delle operazioni minerarie, può essere un caso particolarmente interessante. Simili conflitti di interessi appaiono nelle relazioni tra l’Unione Europea e alcuni dei suoi Stati membri che basano la loro sicurezza energetica sul carbone. Ecco gli aspetti selezionati che tratta questo studio.
PL
Celem opracowania jest wyjaśnienie zmian jakie nastąpiły w ostatnich dwóch dekadach na rynku strategicznych surowców, do jakich należą rudy metali stosowanych w metalurgii stali. Uwzględniono w szczególności rudy manganu, chromu, niklu, wolframu, molibdenu i kobaltu. Podjęcie takiego tematu jest uzasadnione z uwagi na niedostatek aktualnych informacji na ten temat w publikacjach geograficznych. Są one obecnie rozproszone w różnorodnych źródłach, m.in. ekonomicznych, geologicznych, dotyczących technologii metali oraz ochrony zasobów. Realizacja podjętego zadania wymaga zebrania w jednym miejscu rozproszonych w różnych źródłach informacji oraz przejrzenia setek prospektów informacyjnych międzynarodowych korporacji górniczych zaangażowanych w ten biznes, dokumentów rządowych, a nawet raportów dotyczących małych i dopiero rozwijających się firm lokalnych. Ich analiza pozwoli także, w drugiej części pracy, na przedstawienie nowopowstających i projektowanych ośrodków wydobywczych
EN
The purpose of this study is to explain the changes that have occurred in the last two decades in the market for strategic raw materials, which include metal ores used in steel metallurgy. In particular, the ores of manganese, chromium, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum and cobalt are considered. Taking up such a subject is justified because of the scarcity of up-to-date information on this subject in the current geographical literature. Such information is currently scattered in a variety of sources including economic, geological, on the technology of metals and on resource protection. Completion of the undertaken task requires gathering in one place information scattered in various sources and reviewing hundreds of information prospectuses of international mining corporations involved in this business, government documents and even reports on small and developing local companies. Their analysis will also allow, in the second part of the work, to present newly emerging and planned mining centers.
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