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1
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Curious Legal Conditionals

100%
Berezowski L.
Research in Language
|
2011
|
vol. 9
|
issue 1
187-197
EN
The paper examines the use of the modal verb SHALL in the if clauses of conditionals found in legal English. The study traces the history of such usages and compares them to two uses of WILL attested in the same grammatical environment: a temporal use and a nonepistemic modal use. The comparison provides the foundation for examining the use of SHALL in Biblical translations, where this verb has outlived its demise in general English, and both of these sources inform the analysis of SHALL in legal conditionals. Specifically, it is claimed that SHALL is not inherently deontic in legal English but is used as an explicit marker of the authority vested in the author or authors of spoken and written texts. This approach explains why authority conscious drafters can use SHALL in the if clauses of conditionals and in temporal clauses whenever they want to and why the proponents of the plain language movement advocate simply deleting SHALL from legal writing and not replacing it with more popular modals expressing deontic meanings, e.g. HAVE TO, MUST, etc. It is claimed that no such replacements are recommended because there is no deontic meaning to replace and the authority designated by SHALL can be inferred from the context.
2
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Modal Verbs: Typology and Conceptualisation in Greek and English

100%
Manika E.
Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics
|
2007
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vol. 43
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issue 1
25-47
EN
The purpose of this paper is to compare the Greek and English conceptual categories of directives and conclusions so as to present the cognitive dimension of cross-linguistic influence in Foreign Language Learning (FLL). This comparison entails a tertium comparationis, namely, a taxonomy based on cross-linguistic semantic categories, which share comparable linguistic expressions. Modality, being a general cross-linguistic semantic category, lends itself to the requirements of a comparative tool. A cross-linguistic discussion of modality, however, is not limited only to those aspects that comprise the knowledge of these linguistic units and the rules of joining them together at the level of sentence. It also seeks to anticipate possible difficulties Greek EFL learners may encounter while using specific English modal verbs in a variety of contexts, which situationally constitute representations of different conceptual aspects of the speech acts of directives and conclusions. Hence the emphasis is on the pragmatic component as well. The cognitive perspective is borne out by viewing certain English modal verbs and their Greek counterparts as interconnected members of conceptual categories, i.e. Idealised Cognitive Models (ICMs; Lakoff 1987), being run through by the unifying element of force (Talmy 1988).
3
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Curious Legal Conditionals

100%
Berezowski L.
Research in Language
|
2011
|
vol. 9
|
issue 1
187-197
EN
The paper examines the use of the modal verb SHALL in the if clauses of conditionals found in legal English. The study traces the history of such usages and compares them to two uses of WILL attested in the same grammatical environment: a temporal use and a nonepistemic modal use. The comparison provides the foundation for examining the use of SHALL in Biblical translations, where this verb has outlived its demise in general English, and both of these sources inform the analysis of SHALL in legal conditionals. Specifically, it is claimed that SHALL is not inherently deontic in legal English but is used as an explicit marker of the authority vested in the author or authors of spoken and written texts. This approach explains why authority conscious drafters can use SHALL in the if clauses of conditionals and in temporal clauses whenever they want to and why the proponents of the plain language movement advocate simply deleting SHALL from legal writing and not replacing it with more popular modals expressing deontic meanings, e.g. HAVE TO, MUST, etc. It is claimed that no such replacements are recommended because there is no deontic meaning to replace and the authority designated by SHALL can be inferred from the context.
4

The Semantic-Pragmatic Analysis of Persian Modal Verbs Based on Papafragou's Model

86%
Rahimian J., Vahedi Z.
Lodz Papers in Pragmatics
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2010
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vol. 6
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issue 1
67-116
EN
This paper aims at analyzing the semantics and pragmatics of Persian modal verbs based on Papafragou's (1998, 2000) relevance-theoretic model. Persian modals are defined in terms of logical relations and propositional domains. According to the findings of the research, two of the three modals, namely, šodan and tavân express the logical relation of compatibility with respect to different propositional domains: the three forms mišavad, mišod and mišode are unspecified with respect to their propositional domains and take them directly from the context, whereas betavân and bešavad accept the desirability domain. Mitavân also expresses compatibility in relation to the propositions in the factual domain. However, bˇyad is the only modal that encodes the logical relation of entailment and is unspecified with respect to the type of propositional domain it accepts.
5
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Давноминулий час із семантикою незавершеної ситуації

86%
Andrijiw O.
Studia Ucrainica Varsoviensia
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2016
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vol. 4
15-23
PL
The article deals with the problem of the appearance in the pluperfect of semantic forms for uncompleted past situations. The study involves the analysis of situations in which the process of developing the action, expressed by the pluperfect, sees a barrier appear that disturbs the natural fl ow of the event or indicates the canceled result of the event. Particular attention is focused on constructions with the particle bulo, because the use of this particle in artistic texts is a sign of disturbance to the natural fl ow of the events. As a conclusion: the pluperfect tense in such interpretation is carried out in different types of sentences and its semantic potential is realized in 3 main types: 1) unrealized intention; 2) disturbed attempt; 3) canceled result. The choice of the appropriate interpretation depends on the aspectual characteristics of the verb, its semantics and the context.
6
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I verbi di servizio (modali, aspettuali e causativi) e i verbi supporto nelle grammatiche descrittive d’italiano dal 1953 al 2005

79%
Godzich A.
Studia Romanica Posnaniensia
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2020
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vol. 47
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issue 2
21-32
PT
The paper deals with Italian helping verbs (modal, aspectual, causative verbs) and light verbs which form complex predicates and with the rules that guide its use in Italian descriptive grammars published in Italy between 1953 and 2005. The author shows that those forms in both – traditional and contemporary Italian descriptive grammars are treated at the level of word classes whereas it could be more appropriate to discuss them as clause elements as they form complex predicates. In our opinion this way of describing such verbs is due to the tradition in Italy to focus on a form and not on function of an element. What is more, Italian grammarians tend to omit in Italian descriptive grammars noun predicationand the role of semantic predicate (n pred.). The goal of the paper is to present the advantages of an integrated approach to helping verbs (modal, aspectual, causative verbs) and light verbs in modern Italian. The author emphasizes its importance for contemporary Italian FL syntax teaching.
7
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Španělská modální slovesa z perspektivy R. W. Langackera: otázka konceptualizátora

72%
Smažíková A.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
|
2023
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vol. 105
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issue 1
74-86
XX
This article presents the problem of modal verbs in Spanish from the perspective of Langacker’s cognitive grammar. Langacker defines modal verbs as grounding elements that can express implicit meanings and thus increase the degree of subjectivity of the utterance. Unlike English modal verbs, which are completely unanchored and fully grammaticalized, Spanish modal verbs exhibit verb inflection. The aim of this article is to compare the construals with and without a modal verb and to point out the differences between the positions of conceptualizers (speaker and addressee). For these purposes several graphical representations are proposed throughout the article. As the proposed schemes show, the position of conceptualizers plays a key role in the conception of any construal. It is concluded that a construal with a modal verb has a more subjectively anchored interaction between the two conceptualizers and that the speaker is always a completely implicit part of the utterance.
8
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Epistemic modality expressed through modal verbs in Albanian

58%
Sejdiu-Rugova L., Zogaj D.
Linguistica Copernicana
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2017
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vol. 14
EN
The article aims at investigating epistemic meanings expressed through modal verbs in Albanian on the grounds of the most recent semantic theories of modality. It adopts Huddleston and Pullum’s approach, namely the tripartite scheme of epistemic, deontic and dynamic modality, epistemic having the features of the speakers’ attitude to the factuality of past or present time situations. The strength of the speaker’s commitment according to Huddleston and Pullum (2002) is the basis for the distinction between the modal concepts of necessity and possibility. In Albanian, these two categories were expressed by the modal verbal ‘mund’ for possibility and ‘duhet’ for necessity. Unfortunately, Albanian standard grammars still pay little or no attention to the concept of modality in general. The research conducted in this article is one of the first attemptions to classify more specificallystructural units of epistemic modality , putting emphasis on main epistemic modal verbs. The frequency of usage and the type of epistemic modality associated to the modal verbs duhet, mund and do have been investigated, too. Moreover, other structural types expressing epistemic modality have been identified and marked as well. 
PL
Modalność epistemiczna wyrażana czasownikami w języku albańskimArtykuł ma na celu analizę znaczeń epistemicznych wyrażanych za pomocą czasowników modalnych w języku albańskim, opartych na współczesnych semantycznych teoriach modalności. W artykule przyjęte zostało podejście Huddlestona i Pulluma, a mianowicie trójstronny system modalności epistemicznej, deontycznej i dynamicznej. Modalność epistemiczna wyraża nastawienie mówiącego do prawdziwości sytuacji przeszłych bądź teraźniejszych. Według Huddlestona i Pulluma (2002) siła zaangażowania mówiącego stanowi podstawę do rozróżnienia pomiędzy modalnymi pojęciami konieczności i możliwości. W języku albańskim obie te kategorie zostały wyrażone za pomocą czasownika modalnego ‘mund’ określającego możliwość i ‘duhet’ określającego konieczność. Niestety standardowe gramatyki albańskie wciąż poświęcają zbyt mało uwagi lub też wcale nie skupiają się na ogólnym pojęciu modalności. Przedstawione badanie jest pierwszą próbą bardziej szczegółowej klasyfikacji jednostek strukturalnych modalności epistemicznej. Szczególny nacisk położony jest na główne epistemiczne czasowniki modalne. W artykule została także przeanalizowana frekwencja użycia i rodzaj modalności epistemicznej związanej z czasownikami modalnymi duhet, mund i do. Ponadto rozpoznane i scharakteryzowane zostały również inne typy czasowników wyrażających modalność epistemiczną.
9

Les verbes garantir et assurer et leurs équivalents polonais dans le texte constitutionnel contemporain d’un état et dans Gaudium et spes (1965)

58%
Śliwa D.
Roczniki Humanistyczne
|
2015
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vol. 63
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issue 8: Lingwistyka Korpusowa i Translatoryka
147-186
EN
The article contains a detailed analysis of the verbs garantir and assurer and their evivalents in Polish gwarantować, zapewniać i zabezpieczyć extracted from the normative texts, which are national constitutions and the constitution of the Catholic Church. As modal deontological verbs of assurance they are used in specialized texts. The study of the relationship between the type of a constitutional text and the choice of verbs of assurance in the language of the original indicates that both the syntactic structure and the meaning of those verbs are characteristic of a given type of text. The reflection over the choice of those verbs in translated texts leads to the conclusion that it is worthwhile to re-think the use of equivalents in the translated text according to the redaction style appropriate for a given normative text. Detailed illustrations of bilingual contexts of comparable texts as well as of parallel ones also aim at pointing out to computer linguistics specialists certain issues appearing during encoding and which arise from the transformation of whole phrases containing a verb of assurance during the translation process along with the consequences resulting from the choice of the de re or de dicto modality.
PL
Artykuł zawiera szczegółową analizę czasowników garantir i assurer oraz polskich ekwiwalentów gwarantować, zapewniać i zabezpieczyć, wyodrębnionych z tekstów normatywnych, jakimi są konstytucje państwowe i Konstytucja duszpasterska o Kościele w świecie współczesnym Gaudium et spes Kościoła katolickiego. Jako czasowniki modalne deontyczne zapewnienia są używane w określonych typach tekstów specjalistycznych. Badanie zależności między typem tekstu konstytucyjnego a doborem czasowników zapewnienia w języku oryginału wykazuje, że zarówno konstrukcja składniowa, jak i znaczenie tych czasowników są charakterystyczne dla danego typu tekstu. Refleksja nad doborem tych czasowników w tekstach tłumaczonych prowadzi do wniosku, że warto ponownie przemyśleć dobór ekwiwalentów w tekście tłumaczonym zgodnie ze stylem redakcji właściwym dla danego tekstu normatywnego. Szczegółowe ilustracje dwujęzycznych kontekstów tekstów porównywalnych, jak i paralelnych mają także na celu wskazanie specjalistom z lingwistyki komputerowej problemów, jakie pojawiają się przy kodowaniu, a które wynikają z transformacji struktur z systemu danego języka w ich realizacjach dyskursywnych oraz w przeformułowaniu całych fraz z czasownikiem zapewnienia w procesie tłumaczenia wraz z konsekwencjami wynikającymi z wyborem modalności de re lub de dicto.
10
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‘SHALL’ AMBIGUITIES IN EU LEGISLATIVE TEXTS

51%
FELICI A.
Comparative Legilinguistics
|
2012
|
vol. 10
51-66
PL
Autorka analizuje użycie czasownika modalnego ‘shall’, którego nadużywanie może prowadzić do problemów translacyjnych i interpretacyjnych (Coode 1843, Driedger 1976). Korpus badawczy obejmował akty normatywne Unii Europejskiej w języku angielskim, francuskim, niemieckim i włoskim wydawane w okresie od 2001 do 2004 roku. Należy tu zaznaczyć, że komunikacja prawnicza w ramach tej organizacji międzynarodowej ma stosunkowo krótką tradycję, a przekład prawniczy jest głównym kanałem komunikacyjnym. Analiza wykazała, że czasownik modalny ‘shall’ jest używany do wyrażania zarówno nakazu, zakazu jak i opisu stanów faktycznych.
EN
This paper investigates the modal ‘shall’, whose excessive use can be problematic both in legal translation and interpretation (Coode 1843, Driedger 1976). The context of analysis is the EU for offering a relative young legal environment where translation represents the main channel of communication. The analysis moves from the deontic speech acts of ordering and prohibiting and looks at examples of performativity where ‘shall’ is not only deontically binding, but it is also used to express a necessary condition or to set a new state of things up. The disambiguation is particularly evident in multilingual translation and is performed with the help of parallel concordances, which also shed light on the conceptual framework of norms. Data consist of a parallel corpus including English, French, German and Italian versions of EU legislative texts chosen between 2001-04. As a term of comparison, a small comparable corpus containing English orginal texts has also been compiled.
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