Search results

1

Access Pricing Under Imperfect Competition Reconsidered

100%

Staněk R., Kvasnička M.

Review of Economic Perspectives

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2012

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vol. 12

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issue 4

223-234

EN

This paper claims that Onemli’s results published in “Access Pricing under Imperfect Competition”, Review of Economic Perspectives, 2012, are incorrect. Contrary to Onemli, we claim that in an industry, where a monopoly incumbent produces a key input used by itself and its competitors on a downstream market which is Cournot oligopoly, the regulator should set the second-best access charge such that the incumbent’s total profit is zero if the first-best access charge is not feasible. The competitors’ ability to produce the key input themselves does not change the outcome since no competitor chooses to use this option under this regulation. We also discuss some limitations of the Onemli’s model.

2

The Amendment of Ukrainian Electoral Law and the Principle of Alternation in Power (Parliamentary Election in 2012)

100%

Prokop M., Galewska I.

Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne

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2013

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vol. 40

19-32

PL

Artykuł porusza zagadnienia analizy nowych zapisów ustawy o wyborach deputowanych do Rady Najwyższej Ukrainy z 17 listopada 2011 r. w kontekście gwarancji zasady alternacji władzy. Autorki stawiają pytanie o to w jakim stopniu nowe zapisy ordynacji wyborczej zapewniają zasadę alternację władzy a w jakim stopniu prowadzą do monopolu partii rządzącej. Autorki rozstrzygając postawiony we wstępie problem badawczy, doszły do wniosków, że specyfiką ukraińskiego systemu wyborczego jest z jednej strony częściowe zagwarantowanie zasady alternacji władzy, z drugiej wyraźne dążenie partii rządzącej do utrzymania jej monopolu. Daje to podstawy twierdzić, że przykład ten możemy traktować jako pewnego rodzaju hybrydę między antynomicznymi punktami continuum.

EN

The objective of this article is to attempt to analyse the new regulations in The Law of the Ukraine in Elections of People’s Deputies of Ukraine of November 17, 2011 in the context of the guarantee of compliance with the principle of alternation in power. The authors ask questions is the answer to the following question: To what extent do the new regulations in electoral law guarantee the principle of alternation in power and to what extent do they contribute to the monopoly of the ruling party. Considering the research problem presented in the introduction it is necessary to state that, on the one hand, partial guarantee’s of the principle alternation in power is a characteristic trait of the Ukrainian electoral system, while on the other hand, aspiration of the ruling party to maintain its monopoly is also fairly evident.

3

A Simple Microeconomic Model Illustrating Rising Diamond Prices and the Durable Goods Problem

100%

Braun H., Hotter R.

South East European Journal of Economics and Business

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2010

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vol. 5

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issue 1

25-38

EN

The worldwide market for gemstone diamonds is full of anomalies and peculiarities. Gemstone diamonds are often purchased because they are expensive. After the end of the 19th century the diamond market was controlled by a worldwide monopoly, and later by a cartel which in turn was firmly controlled by the former monopolist - De Beers. The existence of a monopolistic supply is a necessary condition to prevent the diamond market from breaking down. Using a simple microeconomic model the paper investigates how the monopoly creates prices which increase slowly but continually. In addition, we discuss problems threatening the monopoly. However, the major problem is the durability of the diamond. This may cause the diamond monopoly to be threatened by an uncontrollable competitor - previous purchasers, as stated theoretically in the Coase conjecture.

4

“Green” Managerial Delegation and Environmental Corporate Social Responsibility in Different Market Structures

88%

Buccella D., Wojna M.

Central European Management Journal

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2019

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vol. 27(4)

2-22

EN

Purpose: Assuming a duopoly industry with pollution producing processes, the aim of this work is to study the firms’ choice to engage in Environmental Corporate Social Responsibility (ECSR) by means of “green” managerial delegation, i.e. hiring managers with preferences for environmental concerns to whom owners delegate both sales and decisions to adopt green technology. Methodology: Depending on the firms’ strategic choices, a two/three-stage game takes place solved by the backward induction method to obtain sub-game perfect Nash equilibria. Results: When the market structure is a Cournot duopoly, and the environmental sensitivity of “green” managers is extremely low, then the engagement in ECSR is the firms’ dominant strategy, regardless of the efficiency level of the available abatement technology. Nonetheless, firms are cast into a prisoner’s dilemma. On the other hand, if “green” managers have low-intermediate to intermediate environmental sensitivity, then either no ECSR, multiple symmetric equilibria, or ECSR engagement can emerge as a result in equilibrium. Finally, if managers’ environmental sensitivity is adequately high, then firms do not engage in ECSR. When a market entry game is considered with the Stackelberg competition in which the incumbent adopts ECSR while the entrant does not, socially responsible behaviors cause the market to be more contestable. However, the incumbent’s owners can use ECSR to secure a dominant position in the market, provided that they hire “green” managers with adequate environmental concerns. Implications: In the case of entry, non-trivial policy implications arise. Due to increased competition, the welfare of consumers improves (lower prices for the goods). However, the entry of a polluting firm increases emissions. Higher emissions damage consumers and lower the overall social welfare of an environmentally concerned government. Thus, a complete welfare analysis is required prior to the design of a government’s regulatory intervention. Originality/Value: This paper is the first that introduces the figure of the “green” manager who shows, in its utility function, an environmental concern.

5

On The Comprehensive Regulation of the Sphere of Public Documents in Poland

88%

Lewandowski R., Wachowski T.

Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne studia nad prawem

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2018

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vol. 10

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issue 4

189-217

EN

This paper offers an analysis of a draft bill on Public Documents together with implementing acts. It focuses, in particular, on the key regulations concerning the list of public documents and their classification, on the process of document specimen design as well as on the exclusivity granted to the producer of blank forms of documents of the first category, examining the impact of the analysed regulations on the system of public document security. The analysis leads to a conclusion that the draft bill has some essential drawbacks which may make the law in question inconsistent with EU law and reduce the level of public document security. These drawbacks have been identified and appropriate corrections have been suggested.

6

FINANCIAL ISSUES AND CHALLENGES OF TOBACCO PRODUCERS: A CASE STUDY FROM ALBANIAN PRODUCERS

88%

Sulillari J., Nasto K.

International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences

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2020

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vol. 11(1)

127-138

EN

The aim of this research paper is to realize an analysis of the tobacco market in Albania. We will be focused on some of the elements that have characterized this market, like the existence of monopoly situation. The study will help us reveal some of the problems that the monopoly as a competitive structure may have brought. We also want to treat some of the issues or problems that tobacco producers face. We want also to see how much they are supported from the government and also want to discover their opinion about different issues regarding the way in which this market functions. The results showed that there are several problems that tobacco producers in Albania face. These problems are related with the market competitive structure and also with the governmental intervention. Informality has been one of the elements that have been followed by some other problems for the producers; such as uncertainties for the producers. So the study revealed that not everything is going well for tobacco producers in Albania. One of the main elements that have done the producers not satis-fied as been the lack of the necessary support from the government, which should be more helpful toward them. tobacco, monopoly, producer, damage, financial profits Celem tego artykułu badawczego jest przeprowadzenie analizy rynku tytoniu w Albanii. Skoncentrujemy się na niektórych elementach charakteryzujących ten rynek, takich jak istnienie sytuacji monopolistycznej. Badanie po-może nam odkryć niektóre problemy, jakie mógł przynieść monopol jako struktura konkurencyjna. Chcemy również zająć się niektórymi problemami lub problemami, przed którymi stają producenci tytoniu. Chcemy także zobaczyć, jak bardzo są wspierani przez rząd, a także poznać ich opinie na temat różnych kwestii dotyczących sposobu funkcjonowania tego rynku. Wyniki pokazały, że istnieje kilka problemów, z którymi borykają się producenci tytoniu w Albanii. Problemy te są związane ze strukturą konkurencyjną rynku, a także z interwencją rządową. Nieformalność była jednym z elementów, po których nastąpiły inne problemy dla producentów; takie jak niepewność producentów. Badanie wykazało zatem, że nie wszystko idzie dobrze producentom tytoniu w Albanii. Jednym z głównych elementów, które sprawiły, że producenci nie byli zadowoleni, był brak niezbędnego wsparcia ze strony rządu, które powinno być dla nich bardziej pomocne. tytoń, monopol, producent, szkody, zyski finansowe

7

Determinants of market transformation from monopoly to competition in the sectors of infrastructure, using the example of the postal industry

88%

Buko J., Czaplewski R.

Informatyka Ekonomiczna

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2012

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issue 4(26)

9-19

EN

The public post office has important public and economic functions. Its history of universal service confirms that the post office is reliable and directed by public interests, with unique networks and offering successful delivery services. In the last twenty years the world’s postal sector was characterized by a significant transformation which created the conditions for the abolition of monopolies in the postal market. Many postal operators who were previously a state service converted to transnational corporations through privatization. The development of postal and telecommunication technology has helped to create a competitive postal market. This paper puts forward an attempt to answer two basic questions:why can basic necessities, which are more important than the postal service, be sold in a competitive market, why was this solution for the postal service not available for a long time?

8

The system of public documents security – an analysis of proposed regulations

88%

Lewandowski R., Wachowski T.

Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje

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2018

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vol. 30(30)

154-191

EN

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify gaps and weaknesses in the proposed system of public documents security as well as to formulate corrective actions. Project and methods: The research is based on an analysis of a draft bill on public documents together with implementing acts, the literature review and publicly available data on public documents security. Results: The analysis shows that the draft has some essential weaknesses which may cause its inconsistence with the EU law and reduce the level of public documents security. These weaknesses have been identified and appropriate corrections have been proposed. Conclusions: The implementation of the analyzed legal regulations is necessary as regards public security. However, they need significant corrections. In particular, it is essential to reduce the catalogue of the 1st category of public documents, give authorization for changes in specimens of existing public documents to the Commission on public documents, fill gaps in rules of specimens designing; increase state control over the exclusive producer of blankets of public documents of the 1st category, resign from the option which enables the government to consign manufacturing of blankets of public documents of the 1st category to a producer different that the exclusive.

9

Contemporary Monopolies in the Polish Economy – the Case Study of PWPW

88%

Lewandowski R.

Oeconomia Copernicana

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2014

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vol. 5

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issue 3

127-152

EN

The paper presents the role of PWPW, as a company with some attributes of a natural monopoly, in contemporary Polish economy. It shows that commercial companies – performing special tasks which are necessary for the functioning of state and which concern identification as well as transactional security and at the same time take advantages of the economy of scale and range as a condition of their presence and development – have a logically justified place in the economy. They are a source of benefits for shareholders in the form of taxes, divi-dends and other economic benefits, as well as the value of the company itself. Moreover, they are creators of domestic employment and they enrich the national potential of technology. Also, such firms provide a right level of identification and transactional security, which influences the stability and reliability of legal and economic relations.

10

The impact of generic medicines on the European pharmaceutical market: The example of Poland

75%

Matsuieva J.

Ekonomia. Wrocław Economic Review

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2017

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vol. 23

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issue 4

251 - 260

EN

In this paper has been done a review of the existing situation on European pharmaceutical market. It was found that the Polish pharmaceutical market is quite different from other countries of the European Union. The share of generic medicines in Poland is the highest in the European Union. Quantitatively about 85% of the pharmaceutical market is composed of generic drugs. The social role of generics is expressed in their accessibility, affordable price, diversity and security for the most vulnerable part of the population — people with various health problems. It is impossible to overestimate the importance of generic medicines in both saving of the state’s budgets and the rational use of public finances.

11

Monopolizacja rynku usług pocztowych jako determinant kosztów ekologicznych

75%

Bernat T.

Przegląd Zachodniopomorski

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2013

|

issue 3/1

65-76

EN

Market dominance is a common solution in many markets. It causes the companies’ as setting up market barriers that prevent the entry of new competitors. It often happens such restrictions are placed on law. Then, competitors who wish to enter the market, have to bear the additional efforts related to be in market. If these additional activities will be measures it will increase the burden on the environment. Against this background, it has been hypothesized that it is possible to create a methodology for the calculation of ecological costs in relation to a particular case of the market. Example is analyzed on postal services market in Poland.

12

Konkurencja na rynku telekomunikacyjnym przy asymetrycznym dostępie do infrastruktury

75%

Dziewulski P.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

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2008

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vol. 224

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issue 5-6

47-69

EN

The article examines the behavior of businesses on a market where market players have limited access to infrastructure. The purpose of the article is to identify and assess the behavior of businesses that are forced to make strategic decisions under such circumstances. The analysis is based on a static model of monopolistic competition in which a company leasing infrastructure to other businesses plays the role of market leader, while the remaining entities are described as “followers.” The author looks at fees charged for the rental of infrastructure in the context of the followers’ fixed costs. The analysis reveals a strong link between the form of payment and the level of production. Market players benefit when leasing fees are imposed on a lump-sum basis, which leads to lower prices and a more favorable structure of the market, Dziewulski says.

13

‘Big 4’ influence on audit market

75%

Tache M.

Central European Economic Journal

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2020

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vol. 7

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issue 54

EN

The main purpose of this paper is to determine the impact that Big 4 companies have had after the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) became mandatory on the audit market. Thus, after thorough research of the specialised studies, the impact of the financial reporting based on IFRS is analysed, while considering that Big 4 companies have created a strong monopoly that led to several changes on the audit market. All the companies listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange that traded premium shares from 2011 to 2019 were analysed. With the use of ANOVA analysis, this paper verifies if the profitability, shareholders’ funds, firm size and the size of the business group influence the choice of the audit firm. Our results confirm that the choice of an audit firm is influenced by the shareholders’ funds, number of employees and the size of the business group. Besides, this paper presents an analysis of the changes that have occurred from 2011–2019 on the audit market of Romania.

14

Can Coordination Between the Producer and the Distributor in the Process of Calculating Prices and Their Structure in the Tariff Process Be Regarded as Legally Prohibited, Having Regard to the Provisions of Sectorial Regulation and the Regulatory Practice? Case Comment to Decision of the President of UOKiK of 3 December 2020, DOK-5/2020

75%

Elżanowski F.

Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies

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2021

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vol. 14

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issue 24

187-206

FR

Ce commentaire est basé sur la décision n° DOK-5/2020 émise par le président de l’Office polonais de la concurrence et de la protection des consommateurs (ci-après: UOKiK) du 3 décembre 2020. La partie principale du texte est dédiée à l’analyse de la portée des compétences du président de l’Office de régulation de l’énergie (ci-après : URE) et du président de l’UOKiK en ce qui concerne la régulation des prix de la chaleur (en tenant compte de la doctrine et de la jurisprudence polonaises et européennes). Contrairement à d’autres publications sur la relation entre les compétences du président de l’URE et du président de l’UOKiK dans la supervision du marché de la chaleur, le commentarie se focalise sur les questions suivantes: le processus d’échange d’informations entre les producteurs et les distributeurs, la pratique des procédures tarifaires devant le président de l’URE et le rôle du président de l’UOKiK dans le processus de tarification des prix de la chaleur. La conclusion du commentaire est qu’en raison des dispositions de la loi polonaise sur l’énergie, du rôle du président de l’URE dans le processus de tarification, du caractère public des demandes de tarifs et des tarifs approuvés, aucune coordination non autorisée de l’échange d’informations entre les sociétés de chauffage n’est possible. La thèse sera soutenue par des arguments de lege ferenda.

EN

This is a case study analysis based on the decision No. DOK-5/2020 issued by the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (hereinafter: UOKiK) of 3 December 2020. The main part of the text will be devoted to the analysis of the scope of competences of the President of Energy Regulatory Office (hereinafter: URE) (the NRA) and the President of UOKiK (the NCA) regarding the regulation of heat prices (taking into account Polish and EU doctrine and jurisprudence). In contrast to other publications on the relationship between the competences of the President of URE and the President of UOKiK in supervising the heat market, the paper will focus on the following issues: the process of exchanging information between generators and distributors, the practice of tariff proceedings before the President of URE and the role of the President of UOKiK in the process of tariffing heat prices. The conclusion of the text will be that due to the provisions of Polish energy law, the role of the President of URE in the tariff process, the public nature of tariff applications and approved tariffs, no unauthorised coordination of information exchange between heating companies is possible. The thesis will be supported by de lege ferenda arguments.

15

Interwencja triangularna i jej konsekwencje dla gospodarki

75%

Wojtyszyn R.

Ekonomia. Wrocław Economic Review

|

2014

|

vol. 20

|

issue 2

45 - 64

EN

The paper is a continuation of the presentation of Rothbard’s criticism of state interventionism in economy. It is focused on its triangular version. As a triangular intervention we classify price controls, minimum wage, product regulation, including all sorts of monopolistic privileges, licenses and tariffs, production and employment standards, patents and copyright, and prohibition. The article also presents Rothbard’s views on the nature of monopoly and the possibility to create monopoly prices in the free market. Following Rothbard, we consider the mechanisms of statism and its side effects for entrepreneurial activity, violating not only the economic sphere, but also the ethics of liberty.

16

Proces utraty pozycji monopolistycznej przez Pocztę Polską

75%

Modliński A., Wadlewski A.

Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne

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2015

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vol. XCVII

291-302

PL

Celem artykułu jest wyjaśnienie przyczyny posiadania przez Pocztę Polską uprzywilejowanej pozycji rynkowej oraz wskazanie determinantów, które przyczyniły się do jej stopniowej utraty. Autorzy, wykorzystując zasoby internetowe w postaci artykułów prasowych, komentarzy oraz relacji dokonali próby charakterystyki procesu liberalizacji na polskim rynku usług pocztowych. Następnie przedstawiona została analiza porównawcza skutków takich działań z wykorzystaniem niemieckiego DHL, francuskiej La Poste oraz brytyjskiego Royal Mail. W opracowaniu uwzględnia się przyczyny organizacyjno-prawne i konkurencyjno-technologiczne jako główne czynniki, które doprowadziły do liberalizacji rynku usług pocztowych w Polsce. Wykorzystanie aktów prawnych i danych z raportów zagranicznych spółek pocztowych pozwala zrozumieć sam proces liberalizacji rynku w tym obszarze i porównać go z analogicznymi zjawiskami w innych krajach.

EN

The main goal of the article is to point out the factors which have contributed to the monopoly position of Polish Post in the past and the determinants which has recently brought about its loss. The authors are using such online sources as press articles, comments and reports to characterize the process of Polish postal service market liberalization. Then, there is presented the juxtaposition of the process’ results where Polish Post is compared with German DHL, French – La Poste and British – Royal Mail. In the article, the focal points are the organizational and legal as well as competitive and technological factors which have caused the loss of monopoly position by Polish Post. The use of legal acts and numeric data from the reports of foreign postal companies enable to conceive the process of liberalization in this area and to compare it with analogical phenomenon in other countries.

17

Przebieg procesu likwidacji Robotniczej Spółdzielni Wydawniczej „Prasa–Książka–Ruch”

75%

Polaczek-Bigaj M.

Państwo i Społeczeństwo

|

2012

|

issue 3

97-109

EN

The text is about the process of liquidation of Workers’ Publishing Collective “Prasa-Książka-Ruch”, which had been a particularly important element of political system in The Polish People’s Republic. The author says that this subject is not widely presented in the literature. Furthermore, she claims that for proper understanding of dismantling, she had met with the former last chairman of the Collective. Those meetings had given her a chance to write about aspects which hasn't often been presented in the literature. The text presents all the aspects and ways of liquidation but also shows main disadvantages of this process. Main signification has the act from 22nd March 1990 which started the liquidation. The author presents that the most important defect of this document was preparing the act in rush and lack of consciousness of the difficulty of this process. Accordingly, it caused many negative opinions about all the process.

18

Znaczenie monopolizacji w postkeynesowskich teoriach cenotwórstwa

71%

Umiński P.

Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny

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2017

|

vol. 79

|

issue 1

211-222

EN

The article is a theoretical basis for the empirical analysis of prices conducted in accordance with Post-Keynesian economics. Post-Keynesians, taking into consideration critical realism as a methodological base of Post-Keynesian economics, distinguish three pricing theories: administered prices, normal cost prices and mark up prices. In this article, a particular attention is paid to those elements of the three theories that indicate the significance of industry concentration in price setting. The analysis which has been carried out indicates a modest significance of concentration in Post-Keynesian pricing theories. Only the in mark up theory, which originated from Michał Kalecki’s works, concentration matters explicitly. In the normal cost prices theory, themonopoly degree matters only in the profit rate, and in the administered prices theory there is no such clear relation. None of the theories discussed confirmed the impact of the monopoly degree on the variability of prices. It should be pointed out that in Post-Keynesian price theories, it is the variable which represents the supply side (e.g. the production costs) which is of key importance. The reason for a price change is not the change in the demand but the change in the costs or in the strategy of the enterprise.

PL

Artykuł jest teoretyczną podstawą empirycznych analiz cen prowadzonych zgodnie z ekonomią postkeynesowską. Postkeynesiści, ze względu na krytyczny realizm jako metodologiczną podstawę ekonomii postkeynesowskiej, wyróżniają trzy teorie ustalania ceny przez przedsiębiorstwa – ceny administrowane (administered proces), cenotwórstwo oparte na kosztach normalnych (normal cost prices) i cenotwórstwo oparte na narzucie (mark up prices). Szczególną uwagę w artykule poświęcono tym elementom wymienionych teorii, które wskazują na stopnień koncentracji działalności jako czynnik istotny przy ustalaniu ceny. Przeprowadzona analiza wskazuje na niewielkie znaczenie stopnia koncentracji w postkeynesowskich teoriach ustalania ceny. Jedynie w teorii cenotwórstwa opartego na narzucie, którego początek dały prace Michała Kaleckiego, stopień koncentracji ma znaczenie explicite. W teorii cenotwórstwa opartego na kosztach normalnych stopień koncentracji ma wpływ jedynie na marżę zysku, a w teorii cen administrowanych nie ma takiej jednoznacznej relacji. Stopień monopolizacji nie wpływa na zmienność cen według żadnej z analizowanych teorii. Zaznaczyć także należy, że w postkeynesowskich doktrynach ustalania ceny, kluczowe znaczenie odgrywa zmienna reprezentująca stronę podażową, tj. koszty produkcji. Powodem zmian cen są zmiany kosztów lub zmiany strategii przedsiębiorstwa, a nie zmiany popytu.

19

Kompleksowa regulacja sfery dokumentów publicznych w Polsce

63%

Lewandowski R., Wachowski T.

Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne studia nad prawem

|

2018

|

vol. 10

|

issue 4

158-188

EN

This paper offers an analysis of a draft bill on Public Documents together with implementing acts. It focuses, in particular, on the key regulations concerning the list of public documents and their classification, on the process of document specimen design as well as on the exclusivity granted to the producer of blank forms of documents of the first category, examining the impact of the analysed regulations on the system of public document security. The analysis leads to a conclusion that the draft bill has some essential drawbacks which may make the law in question inconsistent with EU law and reduce the level of public document security. These drawbacks have been identified and appropriate corrections have been suggested.

PL

Niniejsze opracowanie stanowi analizę projektowanej ustawy o dokumentach publicznych wraz z aktami wykonawczymi. W szczególności skupiono się na kluczowych przepisach, dotyczących wykazu dokumentów publicznych i ich klasyfikacji, procesie opracowywania wzoru dokumentu oraz wyłączności udzielonej wytwórcy blankietów dokumentów pierwszej kategorii, badając wpływ analizowanych regulacji na system bezpieczeństwa dokumentów publicznych. Analiza prowadzi do wniosku, że projekt ustawy obarczony jest szeregiem istotnych mankamentów, które mogą powodować jego niezgodność z prawem UE oraz obniżać poziom bezpieczeństwa dokumentów publicznych. Mankamenty te zostały zidentyfikowane i zaproponowano w odniesieniu do nich konkretne korekty.

20

Dostęp do taboru kolejowego barierą rozwoju rynku przewozów pasażerskich w Polsce

63%

Zajfert M.

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny

|

2013

|

vol. 2

|

issue 4

89-109

PL

W obszarze kolejowych przewozów ładunków konkurencja rozwija się dynamicznie, tymczasem w obszarze przewozów pasażerskich, zarówno regionalnych, jak i dalekobieżnych, występuje ona w Polsce w ograniczonym zakresie. Wskazują na to przedstawione problemy, pojawiające się podczas organizacji przewozów regionalnych przez samorządy terytorialne oraz powoływaniu nowych przewoźników. Bardzo istotną, choć nie jedyną, przesłanką utrzymującą tę niekorzystną sytuację jest wzmacniane bariery wejścia na rynek przez przewoźników już na nim funkcjonujących i dysponujących taborem kolejowym odziedziczonym po Przedsiębiorstwie Państwowym PKP. Koleje samorządowe są lepszym rozwiązaniem w porównaniu z ogólnopolskimi Przewozami Regionalnymi, jednak nie można uznać takiej drogi przekształceń za optymalną i docelową. Powoływanie własnego przewoźnika jest de facto tworzeniem lokalnego monopolu i angażowaniem się państwa w prowadzenie działalności gospodarczej. Ponadto wydaje się nieracjonalne tworzenie 16 kolei samorządowych. Najlepszym wzorem organizacji przewozów regionalnych jest województwo kujawsko-pomorskie, które już od sześciu lat z powodzeniem organizuje przetargi na obsługę przewozów kolejowych, i gdzie ma miejsce rzeczywista konkurencja ofert. Największą barierą w rozwoju takiej konkurencji jest jednak brak taboru kolejowego. Samorządy posiadają go zbyt mało, nie funkcjonuje rynek umożliwiający czasowe wypożyczanie używanego taboru (jak np. ROSCO w Wielkiej Brytanii), a zbyt krótki czas obowiązywania umów na obsługę przewozów nie pozwala na zakup nowego. Możliwym rozwiązaniem jest przekazanie całości taboru Przewozów Regionalnych do dyspozycji właścicieli tej spółki, a więc samorządom oraz powołanie spółki udostępniającej przewoźnikom tabor kolejowy zbędny spółkom PKP Cargo S.A. i PKP Intercity.

EN

Competition in rail-freight transport is developing rapidly in Poland. The same cannot be said about passenger transport, both short and long-distance, where improvements are far more limited because of problems with the organisation of passenger transport by local authorities and with the creation of new railway operators. Although positive examples do exist, most of the implemented solutions in use consolidate the monopoly of public services, eliminate competition and thus makes it impossible to introduce the optimal solution for society. Creating municipal providers is a better model than a national railway company but in truth, this option will end up creating local monopolies. Competitive tendering (competition for the market) is the best solution here but Poland battles with a major entry barrier – the lack of necessary rolling stock. Surplus rolling stock belonging to the state railway companies of the PKP group should be made available to other railway companies. Similarly, county councils (the voivodeships) should be able to control the rolling stock of the national regional rail operator (Przewozy Regionalne PKP), which they now own.

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