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EN
The aim of the article is to show the possibility of applying assumptions from ethics of social consequences when making decisions about actions, as well as in situations of moral dilemmas, by persons performing occupations of public trust on a daily basis. Reasoning in the article is analytical and synthetic. Article begins with an explanation of the basic concepts of “profession” and “the profession of public trust” and a manifestation of the difference between these terms. This is followed by a general description of professions of public trust. The area and definition of moral dilemmas is emphasized. Furthermore, representatives of professions belonging to them are listed. After a brief characterization of axiological foundations and the main assumptions of ethics of social consequences, actions according to Vasil Gluchman and Włodzimierz Galewicz are discussed and actions in line with ethics of social consequences are transferred to the practical domain. The article points out that actions in professional life are obligatory, impermissible, permissible, supererogatory and unmarked in the moral dimension. In the final part of the article an afterthought is included on how to solve moral dilemmas when in the position of a representative of the profession of public trust. The article concludes with a summary report containing the conclusions that stem from ethics of social consequences for professions of public trust, followed by short examples.
EN
This paper examines Piaget’s theory of the role of games in moral development because it proposes a theoretical sensitivity for the hidden requirements that children face when dealing with moral side of dexterity games. The paper discusses the validity of Piaget’s findings and conclusions on the dilematic nature of the phenomenon.
Diametros
|
2018
|
issue 58
18-33
EN
The essay discusses the religious and ethical message of Shusaku Endo’s Silence. Briefly focusing first on the plot of the novel, the article proceeds to discuss the moral dilemma that is the core of the novel and asks whether the dilemma is symmetrical or incommensurable. Next, the essay analyzes the dilemma from the point of view of Max Scheler’s theory of the tragic. Finally, to highlight Rodrigues’s tragic situation, it discusses the notion of the hiddenness of God.
4
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Edukacja moralna z perspektywy etyki cnót

63%
EN
Compared to other approaches, it is virtue ethics that puts greatest emphasis on moral education. This results from its focus on moral agent and his or her moral condition as the main object of ethical enquiry. The aim of this paper is to outline the moral education within the framework of virtue ethics. I intend to explain how such education embraces the cognitive (acquiring moral beliefs), affective (proper harmonization of emotions), and behavioral elements. In the first part of the article, I present the concept of ethical virtue to contrast it with certain misunderstandings which might lead to unnecessary fear of introducing the category of virtue into moral education. In the second part, I respond to various objections raised against virtue ethics, the most important being the objection of indoctrination and undermining autonomy of the educated. Another objection to which I pay special attention is the objection that there is no one catalogue of virtues but many different catalogues praised by different cultures, which especially poses a problem in multicultural societies. I am also trying to show the advantages of virtue education over other, nondirective approaches to moral education.
XX
Wśród teoretyków moralności największe znaczenie edukacji moralnej przypisują etycy cnót. Wynika to z ich koncentracji na sprawcy działania, jego moralnej kondycji jako głównego przedmiotu dociekań etycznych. Celem mojego artykułu jest odpowiedź na pytanie, na czym polega edukacja moralna w duchu etyki cnót. Wyjaśniam, w jaki sposób obejmuje ona elementy kognitywne (kształtowanie moralnych przekonań), afektywne (odpowiednie uporządkowanie uczuć i emocji) i behawioralne. W pierwszej części mojego artykułu kreślę właściwe ujęcie cnoty etycznej, dzięki czemu zwracam uwagę na jeden z głównych błędów w jej rozumieniu, którego efektem może być niepotrzebna obawa przed jej aplikacją do różnych koncepcji edukacyjnych. W drugiej części podejmuję próbę odparcia głównych zarzutów kierowanych pod adresem etyki cnót, przede wszystkim indoktrynacji i pogwałcenia autonomii wychowanków oraz wielości katalogów cnót. Staram się także wykazać przewagę edukacji moralnej poprzez cnoty nad tzw. niedyrektywnymi metodami moralnej edukacji, stanowiącymi jej konkurencję.
EN
The COVID-19 pandemic, which quickly became global, brought with it, in addition to consequences in the form of a large number of infected and dead, also worrying ethical issues. The enormous increase in the number of infected patients in need of pulmonary ventilation or ECMO causes increasing pressure on available resources and, due to the depletion of these resources, means the need for an effective triad of patients. In an overloaded health system, the doctor must decide which patients will be provided with intensive care and which will not. In principle, this is a question of ethics and distributive justice. In times of crisis, a utilitarian approach is generally applied, based on the principle of maximizing benefits for as many patients as possible. In times of pandemic, a utilitarian approach seems necessary. However, for first-line physicians who are forced to perform an effective patient triad, this means a departure from the deontological paradigm that underlies the discreet physician-patient relationship. The decision to provide medical care, given the lack of resources that doctors have to make, entails a moral burden that cannot be ignored.
CS
Pandemie covidu-19, která se rychle stala celosvětovou, s sebou kromě konsekvencí v podobě vysokého počtu nakažených a zemřelých přinesla i znepokojivé etické problémy. Enormní růst počtu nakažených pacientů, kteří potřebují plicní ventilaci, případně ECMO1 , způsobuje rostoucí tlak na dostupné zdroje a znamená, v důsledku vyčerpání těchto zdrojů, nutnost efektivní triáže pacientů. V přetíženém zdravotním systému se musí lékař rozhodnout, kterým pacientům bude poskytnuta intenzivní péče, a kterým nikoliv. V zásadě se tak jedná o otázku etiky a distributivní spravedlnosti. V krizovém období se všeobecně aplikuje utilitaristický přístup spočívající na principu maximalizace přínosů pro co největší počet pacientů. V době pandemie se tak zdá, že utilitaristický přístup je nezbytný. Pro lékaře v první linii, kteří jsou nuceni provádět efektivní triáž pacientů, to však znamená odklon od deontologického principialismu, který je základem diskrétního2 vztahu lékař–pacient, jenž je založen na respektování čtyř základních bioetických principů: non-maleficence, beneficence, spravedlnosti a respektu k autonomii. Deontologická podstata diskrétního vztahu lékaře k pacientovi formuluje i zdůvodňuje morální maximu3 odkazem na kategorický imperativ4 , který zároveň zdůvodňuje i další morální maximy: úctu k lidské důstojnosti či princip spravedlnosti. Rozhodnutí týkající se poskytování lékařské péče s ohledem na nedostatek zdrojů, která musí lékaři činit, s sebou přináší morální zátěž, kterou nelze opomíjet.
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