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EN
From emblematic allegory to symbolic hypotyposis: On the changes of depicting death in Czech poetry at the close of the 19th century The paper is devoted to the analysis of depictions of death in Czech poetry created at the end of the 19th century. The author starts her deliberations from the poetry of the 1890s which was created in the spirit of realism. Then, she moves on to the deliberations about modernist poetry which — in this paper — is not considered as a homogenous whole. Starting from decadence, chronologically the earliest, through impressionism to mature modernism manifesting itself in symbolism, the author analyses the manners of depicting death and the figures of speech, pointing to the transition of portraying death from the emblematic and allegoric images of death to the symbolic hypotyposis. The author stresses the deconstruction of the traditional topos in modernism. This deconstruction involved a lack of references to an established set of images and thus to this linguistic ritual which had been active for ages. The Grim Reaper with a scythe could no longer be a simple symbol of death. In the times of modernism, poetry finally freed itself from those types of allegoric depictions. The deconstruction of the topos in its basic frameworks and in the most traditional ritualised formula forced poets to look for their individual languages, to create symbols which would not repeat the conventionalised allegories.
CS
Od emblematické alegorie k symbolické hypotypóze — proměny zobrazovánί smrti v české lyrice na sklonu 19. století Článek je věnován analýze zobrazování smrti v české poezii na sklonku 19. století. Autorka své úvahy otevírá poezií 80. let, která vznikala v duchu realismu, a následně přechází k pojednání o modernistické poezii, jíž však nevnímá jako monolitickou. Autorka chronologicky od nejranější dekadence, přes impresionismus až ke zralé moderně vyjadřující se symbolisticky analyzuje způsoby prezentace smrti a slovní figury poukazující na přechod od emblematicko-alegorických obrazů smrti k symbolickým hypotypózám v zobrazování smrti. Autorka ukazuje rozpad tradiční topiky v moderně, což s sebou nese skutečnost, že se básníci neodvolávají na ustálený soubor obrazů, tedy k takovému jazykovému uchopení, jež bylo po staletí živé. Smrtka s kosou již nemohla představovat jednoduchý symbol smrti. V době modernismu se poezie osvobozuje od tohoto druhu alegorických obrazů. Rozpad topiky v jejich základních rysech a jejích nejtradičnějších a ritualizovaných postav vybízel básníky k hledání individuálního jazyka, k vytváření takových symbolů, které nenásledovaly konvenční alegorii.
EN
Death, absence and loneliness: The motive of a traumatizing loss of a mother in the collection of stories Call me Esteban by Lejla Kalamujić Lejla Kalamujić (born 1980) is a Bosnian writer from Sarajevo and the author of two collections of stories: Anatomy of a Smile (2009) and Call me Esteban (2015). The paper presents the autobiographical stories collected in the second book, in which the most important theme is death, especially the premature death of a mother. The aim of the article is to show the motive of the loss of a mother. The writer uses first-person narration and the protagonist is a woman named Lejla, a type of alter ego for her. The stories are written from different points of view and from different time perspectives. The intertextual themes in the book are the most interesting ones and have real artistic value (there are references to be Almodóvar, Márquez, Kafka, Bishop, Miljkovic and others). The writer has a way of writing about the pain connected with death that is useful for experiencing belated mourning.
BA
Smrt, odsutnost i samoća – motiv traumatizarijućeg gubitka majke u zbirci priča Lejle Kalamujić Zovite me Esteban Lejla Kalamujić (rođ. 1980) je sarajevska spisateljica koja je dosad objavila dve knjige pripovedaka: Anatomija osmijeha (2009) i Zovite me Esteban (2015). U centru pažnje ovog članka nalazi se njena druga knjiga i glavni motiv gubitka majke, dakle i majčinog odsustva u kćerkinom životu. Kalamujićeve kratke priče pre svega karakteriše autobiografizam, a jedna od njenih glavnih tema je smrt. Spisateljica koristi naraciju u prvom licu, narratorka se zove isto kao i ona, Lejla, zatim može se reći da je autoričin alter ego. Kalamujić opisuje svoja životna iskustva bez majke iz različitih vremenskih perspektiva, zbog čega u jednoj priči ponekad vidimo zajedno perspektivu devojčice i odrasle žene. Najinteresantnije teme u knjizi su intertekstualne (ima reference na Markesa, Kafku, Bišopa, Miljkovića i dr.) koje su pomoćna metoda pisanja o boli zbog smrti i korisne su doživljavanje zakasnele žalosti.
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