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EN
The paper is a review of the functions of the citation from the novel of Narcyza Żmichowska "Poganka" [The Pagan] (1846): “I was once told that here on earth exist angels with bright wings”. This citation and the figure of an angel with bright wings express a romantic model of love and define a social role of a woman as a caregiver and man’s helper. The most famous use of this paraphrase of the citation appears in the novel "Lalka" [Doll] (1890) by Bolesław Prus. Literary historians were certain that Prus refered directly to Poganka. In the article the author demonstrated that this fragment from Poganka had already functioned in the publishing market as a separate poem under the title "Miłość do kobiety" [Love to a Woman] since 1857. Up until the publishing of "Lalka" it was published several times in Warsaw and Lviv. It also became a basis for Aleksander Michaux’s paraphrase (pen name of Michaux) whom Prus knew. The paraphrasis of Miron had been published several times before "Lalka" came into being. In the light of these findings the thesis on "Poganka’s" exclusivity as the basis for the citation in "Lalka" cannot be maintained. The second part of the article analyses the role of the citation and other paraphrases (extensive rhyming paraphrase by Aleksander Kraushar) in literary texts which were created at the same time as "Lalka" or after its publishing. The intertexts to Żmichowska’s work can be found in the prose of Hajota (Helena Pajzderska), Wacław Sieroszewski, Janina (Kazimiera Stachowiczowa), Bronisław Grabowski and others. A certain regularity was discovered: the modification of the citation (paraphrase) is connected with the attitude of writers critical towards the romantic model and wtih democratic-reformatory views. The citations that remained unchanged and which sustained the standing of the Church were quoted by publicists and authors of educational treaties written in conservative spirit.
EN
The present article examines the motif of cattle (Bos taurus taurus) as it was employed by biblical authors for the purpose of depicting God’s qualities and actions. The main aim of the study is to show the zoological and cultural background of the biblical symbols as it is rooted in the breeding and raising of domestic cattle. Namely, it is very probable that certain characteristics of cattle, such as their power, vitality and independence, were the stimulus for referring their image to God. The paper consists of the following parts: (1) a short report on the role of cattle in the beliefs and rituals of the ancient Near East, Greece and Rome; (2) an explanation as to how an ancient people’s knowledge of farm animals influenced their representing the power of God with the symbol of a bull; and (3) the presentation of selected issues concerning the biblical meaning of the horns of cattle.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje zagadnienie motywu bydła domowego (Bos taurus taurus), który przez autorów biblijnych został wykorzystany do przedstawienia przymiotów Boga i Jego działania. Głównym celem tego studium jest wskazanie zoologicznych i kulturowych podstaw symboliki biblijnej związanej z hodowlą wspomnianego gatunku. Jest bowiem wysoce prawdopodobne, iż takie cechy bydła, jak siła, żywotność czy niezależność stały się główną przyczyną odniesienia jego obrazu do Boga. Kolejne punkty tego opracowania zawierają: (1) krótkie omówienie roli bydła domowego w wierzeniach i obrzędach starożytnego Bliskiego Wschodu, antycznej Grecji i Rzymu, (2) wyjaśnienie, dlaczego dobra znajomość tych zwierząt hodowlanych, jaka niewątpliwie cechowała starożytnych, zaowocowała uczynieniem z byka symbolu mocy Boga, (3) prezentację niektórych kwestii związanych z biblijną symboliką rogów bydlęcych.
XX
Wie kaum ein anderer polnischer Autor hat Szczepan Twardoch mit seinem Roman Morphin einen großen Erfolg auf dem deutschen Buchmarkt verzeichnen können. Doch womit ist diese außerordentliche Faszination der deutschen LeserInnen an diesem Buch zu begründen? Die Antwort liegt in seiner Struktur einerseits und einer bestimmten Themen- und Perspektivenwahl andererseits. Denn der Roman, so die These des vorliegenden Beitrags, ist – trotz seiner Angehörigkeit zu einem fremden Kulturkreis – in vielen Aspekten mit dem deutschen kollektiven Gedächtnis konform. Zudem vereint er gekonnt einige tief in der deutschen literarischen Tradition verwurzelte Themen mit einer Modernität der Gegenwartsliteratur.
EN
Morphine by Polish author Szczepan Twardoch is seen as a part of Polish national literature; however, it’s German translation was not only a big success, but the German readers responded to this novel as if it were a product of their own culture. This paper will review and analyze the novel’s critical acclaim in the German feuilleton while also comparing it to similar contemporary German novels. It goes on to search for reasons why this popularity occurred by discussing a few aspects the author uses that are common within the German collective memory. This includes Twardoch’s ability to find great ways to bring together traditional themes and modern contemporary literature.
PL
Powieść Szczepana Twardocha Morfina wywołała na niemieckim rynku wydawniczym ogromną i – jak na polskiego autora – niemalże zaskakującą furorę, gdyż już krótko po opublikowaniu niemieckiej wersji językowej tej powieści można było o niej nie tylko przeczytać pochlebne opinie w wiodących niemieckich felietonach literackich, lecz także spotkać jej autora osobiście, gdyż stał się on pisarzem chętnie zapraszanym na odczyty literackie. Celem niniejszego artykułu, badającego recepcję tej powieści w niemieckojęzycznym obiegu krytycznoliterackim, jest znalezienie przyczyn popularności powieści Twardocha w Niemczech. Autorka dochodzi do konkluzji, iż ogromny wpływ na pozytywną recepcję miało powołanie się autora na niektóre z tradycyjnych, głęboko w pamięci kolektywnej niemieckojęzycznych czytelników zakorzenionych motywów literatury, jak również ich znakomite połączenie z literaturą współczesną.
EN
The purpose of this article is to determine the function of one of the minor literary motifs present in the Roman literature of the Augustan period, i.e., the motif of the perfumed and wealthy Arab and fragrant and rich Arabia. This goal is achieved here in two steps: first, the appropriate source material is compiled, and then the material is analysed and the conclusions are formulated. The source material in this case is seventeen extracts from Virgil, Horace, Tibullus, Pseudo-Tibullus, Propercius and Ovid. These fragments were divided into those, in which the respective fragrance motif was embedded in the axiological context (sixteen fragments), and those, in which the motif appears in the neutral context (one fragment). Among the first there were separated those, in which the positive axiological context is dealt with (ten fragments), and those, in which the negative axiological context is dealt with (six fragments). The fragments of the first type mention the value of a woman (four fragments), religious activities (three fragments), the Roman land (two fragments) and peace (one fragment), while the fragments of the second type express the worthlessness of wealth (five fragments) and remoteness from the loved person (one fragment). In turn, the analysis was carried out in two steps. First, it was found that Latin poets and writers of the Augustan period use the fragrance motif when they value, whether positively or negatively, people or things or situations, or activities, and that these writers use the motif discussed here to build images that appeal to the public. Secondly, it was established that the Arabic motif is expressed at the same time in a lot of different words, should all the fragments in which it appears, be taken together, and in few words, should each of the fragments should be considered separately.
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