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EN
The main aim of this article is to introduce the concept of culture/cultural defence into the framework of current debates over multiculturalism. Culture defence is a rela-tively new legal strategy, which seeks to strengthen its own position as a formal strategy in criminal law, mainly in the common law system. It is based on the cognitive assump-tion that culture affects individuals’ perception of social reality to that extent that indi-viduals could lack the capacity to act with the full ignorance of culturally given norms. The concept of culture defence will be juxtaposed to the different approaches to multicul-turalism itself: to the concept of John Rawls’s theory of justice, to the concept of politics of difference as introduced by Charles Taylor, and to the politics of multiculturalism proposed by Will Kymlicka. This article reveals the question of legitimacy of culture defence as a crucial question bounded up with political philosophy, not exclusively em-braced by the philosophy of law.
EN
Multiculturalism, understood as the coexistence of many cultures, can significantly increase the tourist attractiveness of a particular area, and thus become the impulse for the creation of the tourist function and promote the area for cultural tourism. Podlasie, as a contemporary administrative region, is not only the area of outstanding natural beauty, but also unique in the country on account of different cultures coexisting in this region for many centuries. In the Podlasie region you can find many sites that provide about multiculturalism, both ethnic and religious. The purpose of this paper is to present some of them and to show the potential of Podlasie for development of various forms of cultural tourism.
EN
The traditional ideas of citizenship, both republican and liberal, as well the conceptions of immigrant integration that are deeply rooted in them, are undergoing a serious crisis when we analyse them from the perspective of global migration. In modern multinational states and societies at the super-diversity stage, which are emerging as a consequence of migrations, citizenship viewed through the prism of membership of a country, including the rights and obligations towards the state as well as civic competence, has become a topic of ideological debate and deliberation on the integration of immigrants. The social issues that follow from the assumptions of two basic conceptions: integration as assimilation based on the idea of republican citizenship and multinational policy based on the tradition of liberal citizenship, have enlivened the idea of transnational (cosmopolitan) citizenship. The main thesis of the article, involving the dysfunctionality of the established integration models related to classical ideas of citizenship, has been presented against the background of an analysis concerning changing legislation in terms of migration policies in France and Great Britain. The concept of transnational citizenship has also been related to EU legislation.
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