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This research study critically analysed the existing literature on municipal awareness relevancy of municipal councils’ service delivery for the purpose of enhancing citizen satisfaction. The purpose of the study is the investigation of citizen satisfaction level of municipal services through the use of municipal awareness. The Material and methods were carried out using secondary data and were meticulously and critically analysed to come up with reliable results. The study shows the relevance of the public awareness, citizen satisfaction and municipal council performance in Malaysia. It is evidence in the research that citizen consent is important before municipal services should be provided in the local community. The research study highlighted many discrepancies in many kinds of literature related to the existing research study, evidence-based analysis were carried out to buttress importance and significance of the related study to the research work. The literature was reviewed to ascertain the current happening in the area of municipal council service delivery. The study shows that many municipal councils in Malaysia provide adequate and satisfactory services to their citizens’. The results of the study also revealed that municipal awareness plays an important role on citizen satisfactions of municipal service delivery. It is also evident that adequate provision of services has direct bearing with municipal councils. The study concludes that municipal service delivery can be enhanced through citizen awareness campaign, to sensitise the local community on various aspects of service delivery including maintenance of the facilities provided. The study also concludes that local Authorities lack of awareness section affects their performance in service delivery process. The study recommends that municipal councils need to consults the citizen for their needs and wants; awareness campaign needs to be regularly carried out to maintain cordial relationship between local Authorities and their citizen; it is also recommended that municipal services should be delivered the needed services by the local inhabitants’ after duly consultation.
EN
In the author’s opinion, in the light of the current provisions of the Act on Petitions and the Act on Municipal Self-Government, it cannot be considered that municipal councils of senior citizens have the legitimacy to submit a petition to the Sejm. In particular, the study notes that the mu‑ nicipal council of seniors is neither a natural person, nor a legal entity. Moreover, it is also not an organisational unit that is not a legal person within the meaning of the Act on Petitions. It was also emphasised that the functions of the municipal council of seniors are, strictly speaking, of an internal nature and it does not have competences that would allow it to represent the municipality externally, including submitting a petition to the Sejm.
EN
The electoral system plays an important role in the process of the determining of the election results. It enables the distribution of the seats among the competing electoral committees, and it affects the balance of the political forces in the representative bodies. But the meaning of the electoral system is not limited to the electoral process. The elec-toral system affects also the communication of the elected people with the voters. The electoral code introduced important changes in the manner of the conduct of elections to the municipal councils. The purpose of this presentation is an attempt to analyse how much these changes may affect the reinforcement of the ties between the councillor and the voters and they may contribute to better representation of the interests of the elec-torate in the work of the municipal council.
PL
The construction and reconstruction of town halls in the cities of the Kingdom of Poland until the end of the 18th century(Summary) The article, which also takes into account the issues relating to the medieval town halls in Silesia, Western Pomerania and the Teutonic State, is an attempt at synthesizing the existing research. The following aspects have been analysed: the location of the town hall within the urban complex and the transformation of the forms and symbols of both its architecture and design. Town halls came into existence as a consequence of – although not necessarily immediately – founding towns based on German Law and the establishment of municipal authorities. The relationship between the town halls and urban planning varied. The town hall could be located along the front of the main market square (Wieliczka in Małopolska) or a street – a place functioning as the market square (evolution of the urban context in the town hall in Gdańsk), sometimes (due to the location of the house of the municipal councillor?) outside the market place (originally in Nowy Sącz). Its location along the front of the market square in Early Modern towns could have both an aesthetic and symbolic aspect (Zamość). The evolution of the central-market square block, with the town hall and stalls was very characteristic of medieval towns and infl uenced the Małopolska region (Kraków) and Wielkopolska region (Poznań) from Silesia (Wrocław, Świdnica, Legnica). In Early Modern private towns, from the Renaissance era (Głowów) to the late Baroque (Siedlce), the town hall was often situated in a place which emphasized the axes of the urban layout. The tower was usually an important element in the architecture of the oldest town hall buildings (13th/14th century). It emphasized the town’s autonomy and, similarly to the adjacent hall, was derived from the architecture of feudal castles (Wrocław, Kraków). The tower also emerged as the oldest element of the central-market square block in many Silesian towns, and was modelled on the beffrois (Bruges). The form of a tower came to the Małopolska region in the 14th century (the oldest town hall in Sandomierz) and Ruthenia (Krosno, Kamieniec Podolski). Two-naved halls which alluded to the palatium (Poznań), were particularly frequent in Western Pomerania (Stargard, Pasłęk, Kamień Pomorski, Chojnice, Szczecin). By contrast to the simple, purely functional architectural forms of the oldest town halls, in the lands of the Teutonic knights fi ne details were present as early as in the early 14th century (Chełmno). The richness of the forms and designs of the Pomeranian town halls, with Toruń at the forefront (which Jan Długosz noticed) had an impact on the late Gothic town halls in the Małopolska region (reconstruction of the Kraków town hall, 1454). The transfer of the offi cial functions from the ground floor of the town hall to the Artus Court could also relate to Kraków. Bohemian models played a large role in the shaping of representative architecture, symbolism and the iconographic programme of the late Gothic town halls in Silesia (15th/16th century) – e.g. the relationship between the Ladislaus Room in Hradčany and the Lwówek town hall. In Early Modern times the “bipolarity” of architectural designs in Polish lands, which were inspired by ideas coming both from Italy and the Netherlands is most noticeable on examples in the Małopolska region, notably Kraków (attics surmounting the buildings) and Pomerania, notably Gdańsk, where the designs by masters from the Netherlands were subordinated to erudite, complicated political “treaties”. In the Wielkopolska region the Mannerist style inspired by Northern Italian (Serlian) designs was at the forefront as can be seen in the reconstruction of Poznań’s town hall. In the era of urban decline in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (2nd half of the 17th/18th century) anachronistic, medieval designs continued to be used (Stary Sącz); private towns were an exception (e.g. Leszno and Buchacz owned by the Leszczyński family), which were able to afford magnificent constructions. The architecture and design of town halls refl ect the ambitions as well as the condition of the bourgeoisie and therefore the phenomena which took various forms in the different historical periods and regions. Future research should put special emphasis on tracing the “migration” of designs and ideas from the magnifi cent urban centres of the West through the main Polish cities to provincial towns.
PL
Ceremonies at the town hall in Kraków from the 15th to 18th century(Summary) Sources with information on ceremonies at the town hall in Kraków are somewhat brief. Most of the information can be found in the ledgers. The status of capital gave the city considerable significance within the state. By organizing ceremonies at Kraków’s town hall, council elections, paying homage to kings, hosting senior state officials and deputies, the town authorities could influence politics. The Kraków town hall remained an important centre both for official celebrations and carnivalesque events. It was therefore an important place with regard to the policy of the municipal council until the end of the Polish Noble’s Republic. Here the town was able to overcome its limitations and defend its autonomy, both formally and informally impacting Poland’s elite. The participation of state officials in municipal ceremonies was an opportunity to show off the splendour of Kraków. This was particularly true after the transfer of the royal court to Warsaw, when the kings visited their temporary Wawel residence less frequently. The role of the town hall in social communication was twofold. On the one hand it was a form of promotion for the town, on the other it was a barrier between representatives of the authorities and the ordinary citizens of Kraków. The town hall was a cultural place and a sign of the exceptionally extroverted, developed collective life of the old town. The square in front of the town hall was also important. It was a typical municipal theatre. Ceremonies held in Kraków took the form of court and state ceremonies.
PL
Klauzula zaporowa stanowi instytucję o szczególnej doniosłości w ramach systemu proporcjonalnego. Ustanowienie progu wyborczego musi zostać poprzedzone wnikliwą analizą jego potencjalnych skutków na ostateczne wyniki wyborów, uwzględniającą z jednej strony potrzebę zapobieżenia nadmiernej dyferencjacji politycznej wyłanianego organu, z drugiej zaś konieczność zachowania istoty zasady proporcjonalności. Celem niniejszego artykułu uczyniono przybliżenie i ocenę przebiegu prac parlamentarnych towarzyszących przekształceniom koncepcji klauzuli zaporowej w wyborach do rad gmin w latach 1990-2018. Przeprowadzone w oparciu o metodę formalno-dogmatyczną badania pozwalają przyjąć, iż stanowisko dominujących sił politycznych w sprawie stosowania i poziomu progu wyborczego w wyborach lokalnych cechowała znaczna zmienność, wykazująca związki z brakiem jasno wykrystalizowanego poglądu na kształt systemu wyborczego sensu stricto do organów stanowiących podstawowego stopnia samorządu.
EN
The barrier clause is an institution of special importance in the context of the proportional system. The aim of this article is to present and evaluate the course of parliamentary work accompanying the transformation of the concept of the prohibition clause in the elections to municipal councils in 1990–2018. The research carried out on the basis of the formal-dogmatic method allows us to assume that the position of the dominant political forces on the application and level of the election threshold in local elections was characterized by considerable variability, showing connections with the lack of a clearly crystallized view on the shape of the electoral system in the strict sense of the organs constituting the basic level of local government.
EN
Most studies about websites of local public administration can be found in the area of e-government, where models developed for the management and evaluation of these websites are composed of dimensions based on criteria of technical and technological nature such as accessibility, navigability, usability, aspects decisive for its functionality and quality. However, they have left in second place the analysis of dimensions related to the management of public organizations, such as transparency, network of relationships, human capital, social and environmental responsibility, aspects that are emphasized in the theories of intellectual capital. In this area websites are considered as strategic tools of knowledge management, however, there are very few models for management and evaluation of websites based on the theories of knowledge management and intellectual capital, and those that exist are mainly for the business area. Thus, this paper intends to propose an intellectual capital model for contents management of local government websites, as the literature leaves open that possibility. The dimensions of digital capital considered relevant in the development of local government websites were: services, democratic, relational and organizational e-capital.
PL
Większość badań na temat stron internetowych lokalnej administracji publicznej można znaleźć w obszarze e-administracji, gdzie modele opracowane dla zarządzania oraz oceny tych stron składają się z wymiarów opartych o kryteria o charakterze technicznym i technologicznym, takie jak dostępność, nawigacja, przydatność, aspekty decydujące o jej funkcjonalności i jakości. Jednakże pozostawiły one na dalszym miejscu analizę wymiarów związanych z zarządzaniem organizacjami publicznymi, takich jak przejrzystość, sieć relacji, kapitał ludzki, odpowiedzialność społeczna i środowiskowa, aspekty, które są akcentowane w teoriach kapitału intelektualnego. W tym obszarze strony internetowe uważa się za narzędzia strategiczne zarządzania wiedzą, niemniej bardzo niewiele jest modeli zarządzania i oceny stron internetowych opartych na teoriach zarządzania wiedzą oraz kapitałem intelektualnym, te zaś, które istnieją, dotyczą głównie obszaru biznesu. W związku z tym niniejszy artykuł ma na celu zaproponowanie modelu kapitału intelektualnego do zarządzania treściami samorządowych stron internetowych, ponieważ literatura pozostawia taką możliwość otwartą. Wymiary kapitału cyfrowego uważane za relewantne przy opracowywaniu stron internetowych samorządów to: e-kapitał usług, demokratyczny, relacyjny i organizacyjny.
EN
The subject of the gloss is the ruling of the Supreme Administrative Court and the preceding ruling of the Provincial Administrative Court in Gorzów Wielkopolski. In these judgments, the court came to the conclusion that the municipal council had the power to directly control municipal companies. This judgment is a breach of the previous jurisprudence, assuming that the supervision and control by the audit committee of the commune council takes place indirectly through the control of the activity of the executive body of the commune. The article analyses the arguments presented by the court both against the background of the previous jurisprudence and statements of the doctrine. As a result, the author comes to the conclusion that the position of the Court that allows for the control of municipal companies by audit committees is not supported by the applicable legal status. Even if it is assumed that the board may indicate such an object of control, there are no legal instruments forcing the company to submit to such control. The only instrument envisaged by the legislator is the right to individual control of companies by councilors.
PL
Przedmiotem glosy jest orzeczenie Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego oraz poprzedzającego go wyroku Wojewódzkiego Sądu Administracyjnego w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim. W wyrokach tych sąd doszedł do przekonania, że rada gminy ma kompetencje do bezpośredniego kontrolowania spółek komunalnych. Wyrok ten stanowi wyłom w dotychczasowej linii orzeczniczej, przyjmującej że nadzór i kontrola sprawowane przez komisję rewizyjną rady gminy następują pośrednio przez kontrolę działalności organu wykonawczego gminy. W artykule poddano analizie argumenty przedstawione przez sąd zarówno na tle dotychczasowego orzecznictwa, jak i wypowiedzi doktryny. W konsekwencji autor dochodzi do przekonania, że stanowisko sądu dopuszczające kontrolę spółek komunalnych przez komisje rewizyjne nie znajduje oparcia w obowiązującym stanie prawnym. Nawet jeżeli przyjąć, że rada może wskazać taki przedmiot kontroli, to nie istnieją instrumenty prawne zmuszające spółkę do podporządkowania się tej kontroli. Jedyny instrument, jaki przewidział ustawodawca, to uprawnienia do indywidualnej kontroli spółek przez radnych.
EN
The gloss judgment is undoubtedly of great theoretical and practical importance. It touches upon the issue of admissibility of appointing, by way of a resolution, a person ‘fulfilling the duties’ of the treasurer by the governing body of a local government unit (municipal council, county council, regional assembly). The Voivodship Administrative Court in Gorzów Wielkopolski, sharing the position of the provincial governor (the complainant), rightly concluded that the provisions of local government system acts do not give the right to adopt a resolution on the above subject. Therefore, the gloss is of an affirmative nature.
PL
Glosowany wyrok ma niewątpliwie dużą doniosłość teoretyczną i praktyczną. Dotyczy on bowiem zagadnienia dopuszczalności powołania w drodze uchwały przez organ stanowiący jednostki samorządu terytorialnego (radę gminy, radę powiatu, sejmik województwa) osoby „pełniącej obowiązki” skarbnika. Wojewódzki Sąd Administracyjny w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, podzielając stanowisko wojewody (skarżącego), trafnie wywiódł, że z przepisów samorządowych ustaw ustrojowych nie wynika uprawnienie do podjęcia uchwały w powyższym przedmiocie. W związku z powyższym glosa ma charakter aprobujący
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