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MIECZYSŁAW TRETER (1883–1943): PRECURSOR OF POLISH MUSEOLOGY

100%

Wawrzak M.

Muzealnictwo

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2019

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vol. 60

273-284

EN

Mieczysław Treter is by no means an ordinary individual: an art historian, aesthetician, museum practitioner and theoretician-museologist, an individual of many professions, lecturer, journal editor, member of numerous organizations, propagator of Polish art abroad, manager, exhibition organizer. In the interwar period one of the most influential critics and art theoreticians, among the museum circles he was mainly known as the author of the recently reissued 1917 publication called Contemporary Museums. Museological Study. Beginnings, Types, Essence, and Organization of Museums. Public Museum Collections in Poland and Their Future Development. Born on 2 August 1883 in Lvov, in 1904 Mieczysław Henryk Treter started working with the Prince Lubomirski Museum as the scholarship holder of the Lvov Ossolineum. In 1910, he became Curator at the Museum, performing this function until the outbreak of WW I. He participated in the First Congress of Polish Museologists, held in Cracow on 4 and 5 April 1914. During WW I, he was in Kharkov and Crimea, and it was there that he wrote his most important study Contemporary Museums. In 1917, having moved to Kiev he became involved in the activity of the social movement for the care of Polish monuments throughout the former Russian Empire. In 1918, he returned to Lvov, became member of the national Eastern Galicia Conservation Circle, and retook the position of the Curator at the Prince Lubomirski Museum, to finally become its Director. On 4 February 1922, Mieczysław Treter was appointed Director of the State Art Collections, the position he retained until 1924. In 1926, he became Director of the Society for the Promotion of Polish Art Abroad, whose main task was to promote works of Polish artists in Poland and abroad. He passed away in Warsaw on 25 October 1943. Systematizing the theoretical knowledge and the report on the existing museums in the country deprived of its statehood in the book Contemporary Museums created a departure point for its Author, who following Poland’s regaining independence worked out the organization of state collections. Treter’s proposals were to regulate the position of Polish museum institutions complicated due to the partition period, for them, while rivaling foreign museums, to become elements boosting the young state’s prestige.

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PROFESSOR JANUSZ DURKO (1915–2017)

86%

Sołtan A.

Muzealnictwo

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2018

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vol. 59

63-67

EN

Janusz Durko, Prof. Dr with habilitation, was a historian, an archivist, and a distinguished museologist. Born in Warsaw, he graduated from Warsaw University, history faculty (1938); then spent a whole WWII here. After the liberation from German occupation, he worked in the Capital City Reconstruction Office (Biuro Odbudowy Stolicy), then in the Institute of National Remembrance (Instytut Pamięci Narodowej) founded to conduct research on contemporary history. His doctorate degree he obtained in 1948, habilitation in 1955, professorship in 1964. In 1951, he was appointed to the post of a director of the Main Historical Museum, which two years later was changed into the Historical Museum of Warsaw. The permanent exhibition he opened in 1955 was the first, exhaustive and complete, attempt to give the synthetic presentation of Warsaw past; the museum itself – as an institution of the greatest importance in the field of historical museums in Poland at the time – was inspiring a development of historical exhibitions also in museums of other countries. This helped Janusz Durko to establish his highly regarded professional position: he had been invited to be a member of many committees, councils (including museum ones) and associations, as well as editorial boards of magazines, inter alia, “Museology”. In the years 1951–2003, when Janusz Durko was the head of the Historical Museum of Warsaw, it was one of the main institutions for research on Warsaw history, the venue of numerous conferences, sessions and temporary exhibitions. It was maintaining good relations with many other countries, creating intensely its own collection, and offering an attractive educational programme. The number of its branches was steadily growing. Among Professor’s publications (ca. 140) of various kind there is one of an undoubtedly monumental character: eight volumes of the Bibliografia Warszawy (1958–2006) edited by him, where he registered everything, or nearly everything, that was being published on Warsaw in the years 1795–1970. In recognition of Professor’s achievements he had been awarded a number of times with, inter alia: the Minister of Culture and Arts Award of 1st degree for protection of cultural heritage, the Award of Capital City of Warsaw (twice), title of “Homo Varsoviensis”, the Order of Polonia Restituta First Class – the Grand Cross with Star, the Gold Medal for Merit to Culture “Gloria Artis”. After getting retired in 2003, Professor Durko still maintained close relation with museum by being a member of the Museum Council (2004–2008). In 2015, the institution he had been running for 52 years had an honour of hosting him for the last time during the celebration of his 100th birthday. He died a year after and was buried in the Powązki Military Cemetery.

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MUSEOLOGIST VERSUS COMMUNITY OF MEMORY. ATTEMPT AT DEFINING TERMS FOR THE SAKE OF LEGISLATIVE AMENDMENTS

72%

Niezabitowski M.

Muzealnictwo

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2019

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vol. 60

233-245

EN

The contemporary role of museum reaches far beyond the traditional understanding of the institution’s role to be played in the preservation of tangible culture monuments. It is currently a creative institution on various levels of man’s activity, a centre for continuous learning, community and creative hub of healthy social relations. Museums continue to cover with their interests newer and newer domains of human activity, among which art and history remain essentially important, though not the only ones. Traditional factual competences that we used to find in museums: a historian of art, a historian, an archaeologist, an ethnologist, continue to be needed, however far insufficient. Today museums have a need of staff who represent a wide range of competences, both to work on the ‘collections’, and on the intangible heritage as well as contacts with the public. Today’s museums expect from the staff the competence in so-called 2nd grade history, namely these who do not only identify and document the past, but also explain what and why we remember from the past. Looking from such a perspective at museums, whose activity seems to be described in the Act on Museums of 21 November 1996 (with later amendments), and in the implementation regulations to the Act, the employee relations require a prompt legislative intervention. The distinction of the staff of museums and around them into ‘museologists’ and ‘non-museologists’ is today unquestionably anachronistic and inefficient, impeding the implementation of the tasks facing these institutions. Furthermore, the source of the name ‘museologist’ is sought, and the analysis of the legislative contradiction in this respect is conducted, while new solutions adjusted to the social needs are provided.

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JAN KAZIMIERZ JASKANIS (1932–2016) – WSPOMNIENIE SYNA

58%

Jaskanis P. O.

Muzealnictwo

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2017

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vol. 58

155-159

EN

A primeval archaeologist (MA 1955, PhD 1971), an organiser of protection for monuments in the Białystok province (1954–1980), Director of the Regional Museum in Białystok (1974–1980) and the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw (1980–2000). He dealt with archaeology, museology and the protection of monuments. He also popularised related knowledge and linguistic and religious issues. He established the provincial record of archaeological monuments as well as conservation archives, both of which were then developed at the museum. From 1959 to 1975 he was Scientific Secretary to the Yotvingia Scientific Expedition. He was a teacher, an editor and a social activist. He wrote over 200 publications, of which the most important are The funeral rite of the Western Balts at the end of antiquity (Warsaw, 1974); a critical study of Aleksander Brückner’s work Ancient Lithuania: tribes and gods: historical and mythological drafts (Olsztyn, 1979, 1984); Cecele. Ein Gräberfeld der Wielbark-Kultur in Ostpolen (Warsaw, 1996); Krupice. Ein Gräberfeld der Przeworsk- und Wielbark- Kultur in Ostpolen (Warsaw, 2005), Kurgans of leaders of the Wielbark culture at Podlachia (Białystok, 2012); and Switzerland. The cemetery of the Baltic Sudovian culture in north–eastern Poland (Warsaw, 2013). He specialised in researching Roman influence in Central Europe and the prehistory of north–eastern Poland, the culture of Baltic tribes (including the Yotvingians), Baltiysk and the Slavonic border, and in the Przeworsk and Wielbark cultures. He discovered and defined the Cecelska regional group, thus determining the late phase of the Wielbark culture, starting from the early period of Roman influence to its decline as a result of tribal migrations; their kurgans traced the areas of relocation of the Goths and the Gepids from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea. His successful exhibitions included “The Balts – northern neighbours to the Slavs” (displayed in Austria, Bulgaria, Greece, Lithuania, Italy and Germany several times), “Treasures of primeval Poland” (in Padua, Turin, Aquileia, Schollach) and “The prehistory of Warsaw” (Berlin). He was a member of museum councils as well as the council for museums at the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage.

PL

Archeolog pradziejowy (magister 1955, doktor 1971), organizator ochrony zabytków w woj. białostockim (1954–1980), dyrektor Muzeum Okręgowego w Białymstoku (1974–1980) i Państwowego Muzeum Archeologicznego w Warszawie (1980–2000). Uprawiał archeologię, muzeologię, ochronę zabytków i popularyzację wiedzy oraz związane z nimi problemy językoznawcze i religioznawcze. Utworzył wojewódzką ewidencję zabytków archeologicznych i archiwum konserwatorskie, rozwijane w muzeum. Sekretarz naukowy Jaćwieskiej Ekspedycji Naukowej (1959–1975). Pedagog, redaktor i społecznik. Autor ponad 200 publikacji, z których najważniejsze to: Obrządek pogrzebowy Zachodnich Bałtów u schyłku starożytności (Warszawa, 1974); krytyczne opracowanie dzieła Aleksandra Brücknera Starożytna Litwa: ludy i bogi: szkice historyczne i mitologiczne (Pojezierze – Olsztyn, 1979, 1984); Cecele. Ein Gräberfeld der Wielbark-Kultur in Ostpolen (Warszawa, 1996); Krupice. Ein Gräberfeld der Przeworsk- und Wielbark-Kultur in Ostpolen (Warszawa, 2005), Wodzowskie kurhany kultury wielbarskiej na Podlasiu (Białystok 2012); Szwajcaria. Cmentarzysko bałtyjskiej kultury sudowskiej w północno-wschodniej Polsce (Warszawa, 2013). Wyspecjalizował się w badaniu wpływów rzymskich w Europie Środkowej i pradziejów północno- wschodniej Polski – kultury ludów bałtyjskich (w tym Jaćwięgów), pogranicza bałtyjsko-słowiańskiego oraz kształtowania się na Podlasiu kultur przeworskiej i wielbarskiej. Odkrył i zdefiniował cecelską grupę regionalną, wyznaczającą późną fazę kultury wielbarskiej, począwszy od młodszego okresu wpływów rzymskich do jej zaniku wskutek wędrówek ludów – jej kurhany wytyczają obszary przesiedlania się Gotów i Gepidów znad Bałtyku nad Morze Czarne. Sukcesem były eskpozycje: „Bałtowie – północni sąsiedzi Słowian” (Austria, Bułgaria, Grecja, Litwa, Szwecja, Włochy i kilkakrotnie w Niemczech), „Skarby Polski pradawnej” (Padwa, Turyn, Akwileja, Schallaburg) i „Pradzieje Warszawy” (Berlin). Członek rad w muzeach i rady ds. muzeów przy ministrze kultury.

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4 Muzealnictwo

1 Jaskanis P. O.

1 Niezabitowski M.

1 Sołtan A.

1 Wawrzak M.

2 2019

1 2018

1 2017

MIECZYSŁAW TRETER (1883–1943): PRECURSOR OF POLISH MUSEOLOGY

PROFESSOR JANUSZ DURKO (1915–2017)

MUSEOLOGIST VERSUS COMMUNITY OF MEMORY. ATTEMPT AT DEFINING TERMS FOR THE SAKE OF LEGISLATIVE AMENDMENTS

JAN KAZIMIERZ JASKANIS (1932–2016) – WSPOMNIENIE SYNA