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PL
Autorka przedstawia specyficzny rodzaj aktywności, jaką było w wiekach średnich i wczesnym renesansie polowanie. Analizuje zaobserwowany w wybranych tekstach źródłowych sposób ujęcia tematu, i stara się stwierdzić, czy polowanie było traktowane również jako aktywność fizyczna. Podstawę źródłową tych rozważań stanowią: łaciński poemat Mikołaja Hussowskiego Carmen de statura, feritate ac venatione bisontis (Pieśń o żubrze), dwa staroangielskie traktaty łowieckie Juliany Berners On Hunting (O myślistwie) i On Hawkin (O sokolnictwie) oraz łaciński traktat o sokolnictwie De arte venandi cum avibus (O sztuce polowania z ptakami) autorstwa niemieckiego cesarza Fryderyka II Hohenstaufa. Dzieła Juliany Berners zostały napisane w formie praktycznych i raczej pobieżnych poradników skupiających się przede wszystkim na zagadnieniach terminologii używanej w łowiectwie i sokolnictwie. Traktat cesarza Fryderyka to praca naukowa, ukazująca ogrom wiedzy przyrodniczej autora. Według niego sokolnictwo to sztuka, w której siła umysłu i charakteru człowieka pozwala zapanować nad dzikimi i drapieżnymi ptakami. W Pieśni o żubrze Hussowskiego na plan pierwszy przebija się przede wszystkim zachwyt nad pięknem i potęgą ojczystej przyrody. Udział w polowaniach, zdaniem Hussowskiego, pozytywnie wpływa na zdrowie i tężyznę fizyczną.
EN
The author presents a specific kind of activity of the Middle Ages and early Renaissance – hunting. She analyses the point of view of the topic in selected source texts and she tries to define if hunting was treated as a physical activity. The source basis of this work is the Latin poem Carmen de statura, feritate ac venatione bisontis (Song about a bison) by Mikołaj Hussowski, two Old English pieces by Juliana Barnes On Hunting and On Hawking and Latin treaty about hawking De arte venandi cum avibus (About the art of hunting with birds) by the German emperor Frederick II Hohenstauf. The works of Juliana Berners were written in the form of practical and rough manuals focusing on the terms used in hunting and hawking. The treaty by the emperor Frederick is a dissertation showing the wide knowledge of the nature of the author. According to the emperor, hawking is the art, in which the power of mind and person’s character lets him rule over the wild and predatory birds. In the Song about a bison by Hussowski, the major topic is the admiration of the beauty and power of homeland nature. The participation in hunting, in the opinion of Hussowski, improves the fitness and health
EN
Hunting and ReligionOn the Religious Significance of Hunting Practices from the Perspective of Animal Studies The main aim of the article is to consider the presence and function of religion (in most cases, the Christian religion) in the broadly conceived hunting practices at the turn of the 21st century, as well as the presence of religious motivation and ideological commitment in the hunters’ community from the perspective of religious studies inspired by the empirical research into the human-animal relationship (known as animal studies). The hunting narrative is shown, on the one hand, as eagerly seeking legitimacy and support from institutional religion (evidenced by the patron saints of hunting, the hunting ceremonial that has close parallels in the church ceremonial, and the argument in favour of “ecological balance” and “nature management” based on theological sources) and, on the other hand, as disguising an unethical and religiously unacceptable element of the arbitrary taking of life and inflicting pain without a shadow of empathy or without respecting the right to existence of what is a vulnerable being, even more so because it is devoid of human tools and rationality. The author’s examination of the issues leads to the discussion of the hunters’ religious mythologizing of their own status which draws on the ancient origin of hunting practices in prehistoric times: a period when the human-animal relationship was not yet marked by dualistic division and ontological asymmetry. The paper ultimately aims at the analysis of the way hunting is presented in religious studies research, of the difference between the implications of hunting activities for the human-animal relationship in premodern tribal communities (which practised subsistence hunting) and contemporary industrialized ones, and of the possibility of granting religious subjecthood to animals which stems from the return to the non-dichotomous, relational and dynamic view of the world typical of hunter-gatherers’ times.
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